The Northern Sea Route Its Development and Evolving State of Operations in the 1990s
Figure 2. The various Northern Sea Route options
THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE ADVANTAGE
Distance advantage
Table 3. Average speed, in knots, for vessels on sections of the NSR
Figure 4. Noril'sk-class SA-15 multipurpose, icebreaking cargo ship
Figure 4. Continued - CR96_030015
Underutilized existing infrastructure
HISTORICAL REVIEW
Table 4. Soviet shipping activity along the Northern Sea Route
Recent landmark developments
Increasing international interest
Table 5. Icebreakers and voyages that have reached the North Pole
ADMINISTRATION AND REGULATIONS
Administration-continue
Regulations for passage
THE TRADE SETTING
Figure 8. Russian transportation systems
Figure 9. Actual and projected tonnages of Russian freight, in million of tons (mt) by various transportation modes
Figure 11. Actual and projected annual tonnage of Russian sea trade, in millions of tons, by region
THE PHYSICAL SETTING
Figure 13. The bathymetry of the Russian Arctic
Figure 16. Location of recurring ice massifs
Figure 17. Seasonal extent of the sea-ice edge
Figure 18. Mean sea-ice extent for concentrations of 7/10ths and greater for July through September
The Barents Sea
The Laptev Sea
Alaskan waters
The Chukchi Sea (Alaskan)
THE NAVIGATIONAL SETTING
Figure 20. Approximate distances, in nautical miles, of the various route segments between Murmansk and Dutch Harbor
The major straits used for passage
Table 10. Distances, in nautical miles, between waypoints along the NSR and other ports of interest
Figure 22. General scheme and maximum velocities of summary currents near the ocean surface
Figure 23. Location and ranges of wind directions that tend to create compacted ice conditions
Navigation aids
Navigation charts
Forecasting and routing
Figure 26. A portion of an Alaskan Regional Ice Analysis from the National Ice Center.
Figure 27. A specialized ship routing analysis from the Joint Ice Center
RUSSIAN ARCTIC SEAPORTS
Recent administrative changes
River shipping
Northern seaports
Northern ports open for foreign stopover
Kandalaksha
Northern ports slated for opening
VESSELS AND CARGOES
Principal Arctic shipping companies
Kamchatka Shipping Company
Cargoes
SHIPPING COSTS - CR96_030060
Table 15. Recent voyages with foreign involvement
Proposed Russian fee structure
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Infrastructural
CONCLUSIONS - CR96_030065
CONCLUSIONS-continue - CR96_030066
LITERATURE CITED - CR96_030067
LITERATURE CITED-continue - CR96_030068
LITERATURE CITED-continue - CR96_030069
LITERATURE CITED-continue - CR96_030070
APPENDIX A: CARGO SHIP AND ICEBREAKER CLASSIFICATION EQUIVALENCIES
APPENDIX C: SELECTED SEA-ICE DATA AND SEVERITY INDEX FOR THE NORTH COAST OF ALASKA, 1953-1993
APPENDIX D: DECLASSIFIED, GENERAL-DISTRIBUTION RUSSIAN HYDROGRAPHIC CHARTS FOR THE NSR, AS OF NOVEMBER 1993
APPENDIX D: DECLASSIFIED, GENERAL-DISTRIBUTION RUSSIAN HYDROGRAPHIC CHARTS FOR THE NSR, AS OF NOVEMBER 1993-continue
APPENDIX E: A CONTENTS OF A COMPUTERIZED RUSSIAN SEAPORTS DATABASE
APPENDIX E: A CONTENTS OF A COMPUTERIZED RUSSIAN SEAPORTS DATABASE-continue
APPENDIX F. RUSSIAN ARCTIC SEAPORTS DATA FROM LLOYD'S OF LONDON'S PORTS OF THE WORLD
ONEGA, White Sea
NARYAN MAR, Barents Sea
APPENDIX G: SEAPORTS DATA FROM DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY'S WORLD PORT INDEX
APPENDIX G: SEAPORTS DATA FROM DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY'S WORLD PORT INDEX-continue
Geographic Sequence of Ports
Table
Report Documentation Page - CR96_030085
CR96_03
Figure 2. The various Northern Sea Route options
THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE ADVANTAGE
Distance advantage
Table 3. Average speed, in knots, for vessels on sections of the NSR
Figure 4. Noril'sk-class SA-15 multipurpose, icebreaking cargo ship
Figure 4. Continued - CR96_030015
Underutilized existing infrastructure
HISTORICAL REVIEW
Table 4. Soviet shipping activity along the Northern Sea Route
Recent landmark developments
Increasing international interest
Table 5. Icebreakers and voyages that have reached the North Pole
ADMINISTRATION AND REGULATIONS
Administration-continue
Regulations for passage
THE TRADE SETTING
Figure 8. Russian transportation systems
Figure 9. Actual and projected tonnages of Russian freight, in million of tons (mt) by various transportation modes
Figure 11. Actual and projected annual tonnage of Russian sea trade, in millions of tons, by region
THE PHYSICAL SETTING
Figure 13. The bathymetry of the Russian Arctic
Figure 16. Location of recurring ice massifs
Figure 17. Seasonal extent of the sea-ice edge
Figure 18. Mean sea-ice extent for concentrations of 7/10ths and greater for July through September
The Barents Sea
The Laptev Sea
Alaskan waters
The Chukchi Sea (Alaskan)
THE NAVIGATIONAL SETTING
Figure 20. Approximate distances, in nautical miles, of the various route segments between Murmansk and Dutch Harbor
The major straits used for passage
Table 10. Distances, in nautical miles, between waypoints along the NSR and other ports of interest
Figure 22. General scheme and maximum velocities of summary currents near the ocean surface
Figure 23. Location and ranges of wind directions that tend to create compacted ice conditions
Navigation aids
Navigation charts
Forecasting and routing
Figure 26. A portion of an Alaskan Regional Ice Analysis from the National Ice Center.
Figure 27. A specialized ship routing analysis from the Joint Ice Center
RUSSIAN ARCTIC SEAPORTS
Recent administrative changes
River shipping
Northern seaports
Northern ports open for foreign stopover
Kandalaksha
Northern ports slated for opening
VESSELS AND CARGOES
Principal Arctic shipping companies
Kamchatka Shipping Company
Cargoes
SHIPPING COSTS - CR96_030060
Table 15. Recent voyages with foreign involvement
Proposed Russian fee structure
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Infrastructural
CONCLUSIONS - CR96_030065
CONCLUSIONS-continue - CR96_030066
LITERATURE CITED - CR96_030067
LITERATURE CITED-continue - CR96_030068
LITERATURE CITED-continue - CR96_030069
LITERATURE CITED-continue - CR96_030070
APPENDIX A: CARGO SHIP AND ICEBREAKER CLASSIFICATION EQUIVALENCIES
APPENDIX C: SELECTED SEA-ICE DATA AND SEVERITY INDEX FOR THE NORTH COAST OF ALASKA, 1953-1993
APPENDIX D: DECLASSIFIED, GENERAL-DISTRIBUTION RUSSIAN HYDROGRAPHIC CHARTS FOR THE NSR, AS OF NOVEMBER 1993
APPENDIX D: DECLASSIFIED, GENERAL-DISTRIBUTION RUSSIAN HYDROGRAPHIC CHARTS FOR THE NSR, AS OF NOVEMBER 1993-continue
APPENDIX E: A CONTENTS OF A COMPUTERIZED RUSSIAN SEAPORTS DATABASE
APPENDIX E: A CONTENTS OF A COMPUTERIZED RUSSIAN SEAPORTS DATABASE-continue
APPENDIX F. RUSSIAN ARCTIC SEAPORTS DATA FROM LLOYD'S OF LONDON'S PORTS OF THE WORLD
ONEGA, White Sea
NARYAN MAR, Barents Sea
APPENDIX G: SEAPORTS DATA FROM DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY'S WORLD PORT INDEX
APPENDIX G: SEAPORTS DATA FROM DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY'S WORLD PORT INDEX-continue
Geographic Sequence of Ports
Table
Report Documentation Page - CR96_030085
CR96_03
