Table 15. Recent voyages with foreign involvement (from Armstrong 1991, Kjerstad 1992, Brigham 1991a,
Matyushenko 1992).
Year
Ship/flag
Begin end
Comments
1967
Novovoronezh
No. Europe Yokohama
Soviet ship with foreign cargo
USSR
1967
Dubno
No. Europe Japan
Soviet ship with foreign cargo
USSR
1967
Ustyuzhna
No. Europe Japan
Soviet ship with foreign cargo
USSR
1989
Several transits
Hamburg Osaka
Soviet ships with foreign cargo
USSR
1990
6 transits
No. Europe Far East
Soviet ships with foreign cargo
USSR
1990
Rossiya
North Pole trip
Foreign tourists on Soviet icebreaker
USSR
1991
L'Astrolabe
Murmansk Provideniya
1st foreign ship transit allowed since 1940
France
1991
Dagmar Aen
Nar'yan-Mar Igarka
Foreign ship with no ice classification
FRG
1991
Kapitan Danilkin
Norway Hong Kong
Soviet SA-15 with Norwegian cargo
USSR
1991
Kapitan Danilkin
Malaysia Murmansk
Soviet SA-15 with foreign cargo
USSR
1991
Tiksi
Hamburg Chiba, Japan
Soviet ship with foreign cargo
USSR
1991
Sovietskiy Soyuz
North Pole trip
Foreign tourists on Soviet icebreaker
USSR
1991
8 other voyages
Various
Russian ships with foreign cargo
USSR
1992
Sovietskiy Soyuz
North Pole trip
Foreign tourists on Russian icebreaker
Russia
1992
Freighter
Vancouver Tiksi
Russian ship with foreign cargo
Russia
1992
Sovietskiy Soyuz
2 North Pole trips
Foreign tourists on Russian icebreaker
Russia
1993
3 round-trip voyages
Arkhangel'sk Yana River
Foreign tankers with Russian cargo
Finland
1993
SA-15
New Westminster, BC Novvy Port
Russian ship with foreign cargo
Russia
1993
SA-15
Hamina, Finland Japan
Russian ship with foreign cargo
Russia
1993
Yamal
3 North Pole trips
Foreign tourists on Russian icebreaker
Russia
1994
Yamal and
North Pole trip
Foreign tourists on Russian icebreaker
Kapitan Dranitsyn
Russia
1994
Yamal
2 North Pole trips
Foreign tourists on Russian icebreaker
Russia
there is little international experience to draw upon.
more recently on wage and labor disputes (1990,
Further, the economic, social, and political insta-
1991, 1992b) and difficulties in arranging resupply
bility in Russia makes the future uncertain: past
voyages due to lack of operating funds and "enor-
experience does not necessarily reflect the future.
mous" insurance rates (1993).
There are reports that the fees are highly nego-
There does not appear to be an established pro-
tiable and depend more on the type of cargo than
tocol at this time. Arrangements between foreign
on actual cost of services (Armstrong 1989).
parties and the Russian shipping companies (MSC
Armstrong (1990) reported complaints of flat
and FESCO) are negotiated on a case-by-case ba-
rate charges for icebreaking services without re-
sis. ANSR officials, when questioned at the 1992
gard to the amount of work done. He has reported
Northern Sea Route Expert Meeting, replied that
53
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