Figure 13. The bathymetry of the Russian Arctic

THE PHYSICAL SETTING

Figure 16. Location of recurring ice massifs

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Less than 50 m depth

ore than 50 m depth

Figure 13. The bathymetry of the Russian Arctic.

Figure 14. Location of offshore and recurrent open water areas, or "polynyas," during the time of

maximum ice development (May to June). (Translated from RSMOT, in prep.)

sin at the time of maximum ice development (May

vives the summer season. These ice fields, or mas-

to June). In the areas of convergence, rubble ice

sifs, sometimes cover hundreds of square kilome-

refreezes into much thicker and stronger masses.

ters and are found in the same regions every sum-

In some places, due to the presence of land barri-

mer. Figure 16 shows the location of nine such

ers, prevailing winds, currents, and so forth, ice

massifs along the Northern Sea Route. They all

accumulates in large enough masses that it sur-

experience some degree of seasonal fluctuation in

2

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