250
Volume (mt)
Mode
Imports
% of imports
Exports
% of exports
Total
Exports
Ocean
83.8
74.1
196.8
47.2
280.6
River
1.6
1.4
10.0
2.4
11.6
47.2
200
Rail
26.0
23.0
79.9
19.2
1r05.9
Impo ts
Highway
0.5
0.4
1.0
0.2
1.5
Pipeline
1.2
1.1
129.5
31.0
130.7
Total
113.1
417.2
530.3
150
Exports
31.0
Impor ts
100
74.1
19.2
50
23.0
2.4
1.4
1.1
0.2
0.4
0
Ocean
Pipeline
Rail
River
Highway
Transport Mode
Figure 10. The Soviet Union's 1988 international trade, in millions of tons, by
various transport modes. Values shown above each bar represent percentages of
total exports and imports (from Peters 1993).
50
1990
1992
1995
Foreign
Regional
Foreign Regional
Foreign Regional
Geographic
Cabotage trade
% of total
Cabotage trade % of total
Cabotage trade % of total
(mt)990ea trade
1 s
(mt)
(mt)
sea trade
(mt)
(mt)
sea trade
(mt)
Arctic Rim
5.99
8.68
6.8
5.90
7.39
6.7
5.78
6.31
41.9
Baltic Sea
0.43
54.91
25.5
0.35
41.85
21.2
0.32
37.81
19.6
40
1992
Azov and
Black Seas
0.78
88.27
41.1
0.66
85.87
43.5
0.56
80.73
27.9
Caspian Sea
2.64
5.67
3.8
2.67
5.76
4.2
2.71
5.83
6.2
Pacific Rim
25.28
24.09
22.8
25.88
22.51
24.3
26.76
27.37
4.4
1995
Total
35.12
181.62
35.46
163.38
36.13
158.05
30
1990
1992
20
1995
10
0
Baltic
Asov and
Pacific
Arctic
Caspian
Black Seas
Rim
Rim
Sea
Figure 11. Actual and projected annual tonnage of Russian sea trade, in millions
of tons, by region (from Peters 1993).
Russia's sea trade by region is illustrated in Fig-
Pacific Rim, the role of the NSR for the nation's
ure 11. In 1992, seaports of the Black and Azov
throughput is substantial.
Seas accounted for 44% of the Federation's total
The composition of international trade in 1992
tonnage, mainly in the form of grain imports and
is shown in Figure 12. Crude oil and petroleum
oil exports. The Pacific Rim ports generated 24%,
derivatives were 57% of all exports. Dry bulk cargo
accounting for 73% of all Federation cabotage. Al-
was 62% of all imports. Cabotage consisted of
though Arctic ports handled only 7% of all sea
nearly 40% each of dry bulk and general cargo.
trade, when considered along with those of the
Dry bulk comprised mainly grain (44%), iron ore
20
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