Figure
17.
Modified DruckerPrager cap yield surface in the p-t plane .................................
11
18.
Modified DruckerPrager cap flow potential in the p-t plane ...............................
11
19.
Yield surface for the crushable foam model ..........................................................
12
20.
Plastic flow surface for the crushable foam model ................................................
12
21.
13
22.
14
23.
Compilation of uniaxial strength data ....................................................................
15
24.
Compression of natural snow at 0 to 3C ...........................................................
16
25.
Compression of undisturbed snow and ice ............................................................
17
26.
17
27.
18
28.
Deformed meshes for field plate sinkage simulations ...........................................
19
29.
20
30.
21
31.
21
32.
Deformation of fresh snow under a plate ...............................................................
22
33.
Grain size curves for McCormick Ranch sand and Lebanon sand ........................
22
34.
with uniaxial strain test data ..................................................................................
23
35.
National Tire Modeling Program model of a radial tire ........................................
24
36.
Tires used in experiments ......................................................................................
25
37.
Deflection measurements for the tires used in the experiments .............................
26
38.
27
39.
Construction elements of the Darnell tire model ...................................................
28
40.
Cut tire sections used to determine composite tire properties ................................
28
41.
Tire geometric parameters for the sidewall model .................................................
29
42.
Shoop-Darnell tire model ......................................................................................
30
43.
Modal analysis tire model with smooth tread ........................................................
32
44.
Modal analysis tire model with ribbed tread ..........................................................
33
45.
Measured deflection for three tire pressures ..........................................................
35
46.
35
47.
Comparison of all measured and modeled deflections
at 241 kPa inflation pressure ..................................................................................
36
48.
Measured contact areas at three inflation pressures ...............................................
36
49.
37
50.
38
51.
38
52.
for half carcass on a hard surface ...........................................................................
39
53.
on a rigid surface ...................................................................................................
39
54.
Close-up view of contact for the ribbed tire model ...............................................
39
55.
40
56.
Model of wheel rolling on 20 cm of fresh snow ....................................................
43
57.
Comparison of standard mesh and ALE mesh .......................................................
43
58.
The CRREL Instrumented Vehicle ........................................................................
44
59.
44
60.
46
iv
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