vv
vehicle speed
w
maximum tire width
wbeam
width of the beam
W
applied load on the end of the beam
ymax
maximum deflection at the free end of the beam
z
sinkage
α
parameter to smooth the transition between the shear and cap failure
β
DruckerPrager material angle of friction
volumetric plastic strain
εinol
v
εivnol|0
initial value of volumetric plastic strain
κ
elastic slope on the pressurevolume curve
λ
plastic slope on the pressurevolume curve
coefficient of friction
ρ
density
ρ0
initial density
σ0
initial yield stress in uniaxial compression
σh
horizontal stress
σ
normal stress
σi
normal stress in the i direction, where i = x,y,z (principal stress when i = 1,2,3)
σoct
octahedral normal stress
σv
vertical stress
τ
shear stress
τij
shear stress, where i,j = x,y,z
τoct
octahedral shear stress
ν
Poisson's ratio
φ
friction angle
φ′
apparent friction angle
vii
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