Ice Jams in River Confluences
INTRODUCTION-continue - CR99_060010
LITERATURE ON CONFLUENCE ICE JAMS
Figure 2. Confluence of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers
LITERATURE ON CONFLUENCE ICE JAMS-continue - CR99_060013
Figure 3. Ice jams in the confluence of the Mackenzie and Liard Rivers during 1978 through 1984
LITERATURE ON CONFLUENCE ICE JAMS-continue - CR99_060015
LITERATURE ON CONFLUENCE ICE JAMS-continue - CR99_060016
CONFLUENCE MORPHOLOGY AND FLOW
Figure 5. Schematic of channel confluence with discordant bed levels
Flow features
Location of dividing streamline
Extent of flow separation zone
Bathymetry of concordant bed confluences
KEY PARAMETERS
Categories of ice movement through confluences
Figure 8. Schematic of drifting ice pieces moving through a confluence
Ice drift through a confluence
Ice drift through a confluence-continue
Ice layer movement through a confluence
Ice layer movement through a confluence-continue
JAM PROCESS MODELING
Figure 10. Layout of the jam process model
Model ice
CONFLUENCE JAM PROCESSES
Jamming of merging ice runs - CR99_060034
Figure 14. Ice jamming at the confluence of the Iowa and Cedar Rivers
Jamming due to flow impact - CR99_060036
SELECTED OBSERVATIONS
Figure 18. Layout for the 180 confluence model
α = 90 confluence
Figure 20. Ice in confluence: Q2/Q1 = 3, α = 90, and b1/b2 = 1.5.
Figure 23. Ice in confluence: Q2/Q1 = 3, α = 90, and b1/b2 = 3
α = 45 confluence
Figure 28. Ice in confluence: Q2/Q1 = 0.6, α = 45, and b1/b2 = 1.35
FORMULATION - CR99_060044
Figure 30. Lateral pressures associated with merging ice runs
Jamming of merging ice runs - CR99_060046
Figure 32. Ice jam formation at confluence narrowed by a bar
Jamming due to flow impact - CR99_060048
ICE JAMS IN THE CONFLUENCE OF MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI RIVERS
Weather and flow conditions associated with jamming
Figure 34. Record of flow discharges in the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers
Figure 34. Continued
Table 3. Flow and environmental characteristics for three jam events
Figure 36. Ice jam in the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers on 9 January 1979
Figure 37. Ice jam in the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers on 10 February 1981
Confluence model
Figure 41. Bathymetry cross sections in the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers
Figure 42. Photograph of the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers model
Flow and ice velocities
Model calibration and validation
Results - CR99_060061
Figure 46. Vector plot of velocities for open water flow in Figure 44.
Figure 48. Vector plot of velocities for ice and open water flow in Figure 47
Figure 50. Vector plot of velocities for open water flow in Figure 49
Confluence with bendway weirs and reduced bar
Figure 54. Vector plot of velocities for open water flow in Figure 53
LITERATURE CITED - CR99_060067
LITERATURE CITED-continue - CR99_060068
LITERATURE CITED-continue - CR99_060069
Report Documentation Page - CR99_060070
CR99_06
INTRODUCTION-continue - CR99_060010
LITERATURE ON CONFLUENCE ICE JAMS
Figure 2. Confluence of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers
LITERATURE ON CONFLUENCE ICE JAMS-continue - CR99_060013
Figure 3. Ice jams in the confluence of the Mackenzie and Liard Rivers during 1978 through 1984
LITERATURE ON CONFLUENCE ICE JAMS-continue - CR99_060015
LITERATURE ON CONFLUENCE ICE JAMS-continue - CR99_060016
CONFLUENCE MORPHOLOGY AND FLOW
Figure 5. Schematic of channel confluence with discordant bed levels
Flow features
Location of dividing streamline
Extent of flow separation zone
Bathymetry of concordant bed confluences
KEY PARAMETERS
Categories of ice movement through confluences
Figure 8. Schematic of drifting ice pieces moving through a confluence
Ice drift through a confluence
Ice drift through a confluence-continue
Ice layer movement through a confluence
Ice layer movement through a confluence-continue
JAM PROCESS MODELING
Figure 10. Layout of the jam process model
Model ice
CONFLUENCE JAM PROCESSES
Jamming of merging ice runs - CR99_060034
Figure 14. Ice jamming at the confluence of the Iowa and Cedar Rivers
Jamming due to flow impact - CR99_060036
SELECTED OBSERVATIONS
Figure 18. Layout for the 180 confluence model
α = 90 confluence
Figure 20. Ice in confluence: Q2/Q1 = 3, α = 90, and b1/b2 = 1.5.
Figure 23. Ice in confluence: Q2/Q1 = 3, α = 90, and b1/b2 = 3
α = 45 confluence
Figure 28. Ice in confluence: Q2/Q1 = 0.6, α = 45, and b1/b2 = 1.35
FORMULATION - CR99_060044
Figure 30. Lateral pressures associated with merging ice runs
Jamming of merging ice runs - CR99_060046
Figure 32. Ice jam formation at confluence narrowed by a bar
Jamming due to flow impact - CR99_060048
ICE JAMS IN THE CONFLUENCE OF MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI RIVERS
Weather and flow conditions associated with jamming
Figure 34. Record of flow discharges in the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers
Figure 34. Continued
Table 3. Flow and environmental characteristics for three jam events
Figure 36. Ice jam in the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers on 9 January 1979
Figure 37. Ice jam in the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers on 10 February 1981
Confluence model
Figure 41. Bathymetry cross sections in the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers
Figure 42. Photograph of the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers model
Flow and ice velocities
Model calibration and validation
Results - CR99_060061
Figure 46. Vector plot of velocities for open water flow in Figure 44.
Figure 48. Vector plot of velocities for ice and open water flow in Figure 47
Figure 50. Vector plot of velocities for open water flow in Figure 49
Confluence with bendway weirs and reduced bar
Figure 54. Vector plot of velocities for open water flow in Figure 53
LITERATURE CITED - CR99_060067
LITERATURE CITED-continue - CR99_060068
LITERATURE CITED-continue - CR99_060069
Report Documentation Page - CR99_060070
CR99_06
