Figure 12. Pan placing gravel on
the test section.
Figure 13. Grader spread-
ing gravel.
(2-in.) maximum particle size. The
Figure 14. Trafficking the puncture test.
gravel was compacted by trafficking
with the 20-ton dump truck.
The test section was trafficked with
a loaded 20-ton dump truck for 170
passes (Fig. 14). The truck made a
loop to traffic and traveled at approxi-
mately 10 mph on the test section. The
truck also followed approximately
the same path each time, simulating a
worst-case scenario.
After trafficking, the gravel was re-
moved to observe any membrane
damage. A grader removed the top
few inches of gravel from the test sec-
tion. The Fort Drum Fire Department
then used one of its fire trucks to
remove the rest (Fig. 15 and 16). This
procedure worked well and mini-
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