0.7
ε = 0.3
φ=0
0.6
S T = 0.60
1.6
0.5
0.40
ε = 0.3
0.20
φ=0
1.4
0.10
0.4
0.06
0.04
σ
1.2
0.02
0.01
0.3
1.0
σ
S T = 0.60
0.30
0.8
0.2
0.20
0.10
0.6
0.06
0.04
0.1
0.02
0.4
0.01
0
0.2
10 2
10 1
10 0
10 0
10 1
10 2
10 3
10 4
τ
τ
Figure 17. Formation time of permafrost, saturated mineral soils, φ = 0, ε = 0.3.
280
ε = 0.400
240
0.379
200
600
160
0.300
ε = 0.300
400
0.379
0.400
120
200
0.200
80
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0
10
20
30
∆T1, Temperature (C)
C1
-- ∆T1
Stefan Number
L
Figure 19. Effect of soil porosity on permafrost
Figure 18. Formation time for permafrost to
thickness after 15,000 years, saturated mineral
reach 90% equilibrium thickness, saturated
soils, G = 0.0286C/m.
mineral soils.
16
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