Review of Ordinary High Water Mark Indicators for Delineating Arid Streams in the Southwestern United States
Chapter 1. Introduction and Summary of Ordinary High Water Mark Indicators
PROJECT BACKGROUND-continue
OVERVIEW OF THE CONCEPT OF "WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES"
GENERAL APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF OHWM INDICATORS
PROJECT AREA
LANDSCAPE FEATURES AND THEIR USEFULNESS AS OHWM INDICATORS
Geomorphology
Vegetation - ERDC-TR-04-10018
Vegetation-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10019
WORKING DEFINITION: OHW IN THE ARID SOUTHWEST
SYNTHESIS OF OHWM FEATURES
SYNTHESIS OF OHWM FEATURES-continue
Table 1. Potential OHWM indicators for testing and evaluation
REFERENCES - ERDC-TR-04-10024
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10025
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10026
Chapter 2. Hydrology Literature Review for Ordinary High Water Mark Delineation in the Arid Southwest
HYDROLOGY
Figure 3. Average annual precipitation in the western U.S. for 19611990, showing the extreme variability in rainfall in the Southwest
Meteorological Sources of Moisture
Table 3. Summary of annual and monthly average depths of precipitation
Figure 5. Positions of the North Pacific high pressure ridge and atmospheric cirulation patterns
Convective Thunderstorms
Figure 6. Positions of the North Pacific High and Bermuda High
Influence of El Nio
Factors Controlling Runoff
Figure 8. Soils map of the United States
Illustration - ERDC-TR-04-10038
Transmission losses
Value and Limitations of Existing Maps for Understanding Runoff Patterns
Table 4. Precipitation and runoff characteristics for ecosystem provinces in the western U.S
RainfallRunoff Models
RainfallRunoff Models-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10043
RainfallRunoff Models-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10044
Table 5. Rainfallrunoff models accepted by FEMA for usage in the National Flood Insurance Program
HYDRAULICS
Influence of Boundary Conditions
Hydraulic Models
Usefulness of Hydrology and Hydraulics for Delineating the OHWM
Table 6. Hydraulic models accepted by FEMA for usage in the National Flood Insurance Program
Comparisons of hydraulic model
CONCLUSIONS - ERDC-TR-04-10052
REFERENCES - ERDC-TR-04-10053
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10054
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10055
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10056
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10057
Chapter 3. Fluvial Geomorphology Literature Review for Ordinary High Water Mark Indicators in the Arid Southwest
INTRODUCTION-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10059
PRINCIPLES OF FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY
Terrace Development
Terrace Development-continue
STREAM SYSTEM TYPES
Figure 13. Wide, shallow ephemeral stream channel
Figure 14. Unconfined sheetflood zone on Wild Burro Wash near Marana, Arizona
The morphological changes
Figure 15. Arroyo Chico in the Rio Puerco Watershed, New Mexico, showing entrenched vertical walls typical of arroyos
Compound Channels
Figure 16. Compound channel showing a single-thread meandering channel inset into a wider braided pattern
Alluvial Fans
Figure 17. Conical shape and distributary flow pattern developed on an alluvial fan
Figure 18. Aerial photographs of Ruelas Fan near Marana, Arizona, taken in 1936 and 1988
Figure 19. Five channel morphologies observed on alluvial fans in southern Arizona
Figure 20. Geomorphic map of alluvial fan surfaces on the southwestern piedmont of the White Tank Mountains, Arizona
Figure 21. Well-developed weathering features on an inactive alluvial fan surface
Anastomosing Rivers
Figure 22. Anastomosing channels along Cooper Creek, Australia
Single-Thread Channels with Adjacent Floodplains
DIFFERENCES AMONG STREAM TYPES
DIFFERENCES AMONG STREAM TYPES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10080
DIFFERENCES AMONG STREAM TYPES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10081
IDENTIFYING THE ORDINARY HIGH WATER MARK ON DESERT RIVERS
Identification of Limits of Geomorphically Effective Events
Exclusion of Areas Definitively Above and Below the OHWM
Exclusion of Areas Definitively Above and Below the OHWM-continue
Recognition of the Transitory Tendency of Arid-Region Rivers
Application of Hydrologic and Hydraulic Methods
Application of Hydrologic and Hydraulic Methods-continue
CONCLUSIONS - ERDC-TR-04-10089
REFERENCES - ERDC-TR-04-10090
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10091
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10092
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10093
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10094
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10095
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10096
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10097
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10098
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10099
GLOSSARY - ERDC-TR-04-10100
GLOSSARY-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10101
Chapter 4. Vegetation Literature Review for Ordinary High Water Mark Indicators in the Arid Southwest
INTRODUCTION-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10103
COMMUNITY-LEVEL PATTERNS
Table 12. Wetland biotic communities of the southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico
COMMUNITY-LEVEL PATTERNS-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10106
COMMUNITY-LEVEL PATTERNS-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10107
SPATIAL PATTERNS
SPATIAL PATTERNS-continue
ADAPTATIONS OF WOODY PIONEER SPECIES
Fluvial Processes and Tree Recruitment
Growth and Survival
Growth and Survival-continue
POPULATION PATTERNS OF PIONEER TREES
Figure 24. Hydromesic riparian vegetation at a perennial site on the San Pedro River, Arizona
POPULATION PATTERNS OF PIONEER TREES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10116
POPULATION PATTERNS OF PIONEER TREES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10117
HERBACEOUS PLANT PATTERNS
HERBACEOUS PLANT PATTERNS-continue
Figure 25. Mesoriparian vegetation at an intermittent site on the San Pedro River, Arizona
XERORIPARIAN SYSTEMS
XERORIPARIAN SYSTEMS-continue
INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE
IDENTIFYING THE ORDINARY HIGH WATER MARK: SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS
Table 13. Potential vegetative evidence of location below the ordinary high water mark
Table 14. Possible vegetative evidence of location above the ordinary high water mark
IDENTIFYING THE ORDINARY HIGH WATER MARK: SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS-continue
CONCLUSION - ERDC-TR-04-10128
REFERENCES - ERDC-TR-04-10129
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10130
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10131
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10132
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10133
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10134
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10135
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10136
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10137
Report Documentation Page - ERDC-TR-04-10138
ERDC-TR-04-1
Chapter 1. Introduction and Summary of Ordinary High Water Mark Indicators
PROJECT BACKGROUND-continue
OVERVIEW OF THE CONCEPT OF "WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES"
GENERAL APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF OHWM INDICATORS
PROJECT AREA
LANDSCAPE FEATURES AND THEIR USEFULNESS AS OHWM INDICATORS
Geomorphology
Vegetation - ERDC-TR-04-10018
Vegetation-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10019
WORKING DEFINITION: OHW IN THE ARID SOUTHWEST
SYNTHESIS OF OHWM FEATURES
SYNTHESIS OF OHWM FEATURES-continue
Table 1. Potential OHWM indicators for testing and evaluation
REFERENCES - ERDC-TR-04-10024
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10025
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10026
Chapter 2. Hydrology Literature Review for Ordinary High Water Mark Delineation in the Arid Southwest
HYDROLOGY
Figure 3. Average annual precipitation in the western U.S. for 19611990, showing the extreme variability in rainfall in the Southwest
Meteorological Sources of Moisture
Table 3. Summary of annual and monthly average depths of precipitation
Figure 5. Positions of the North Pacific high pressure ridge and atmospheric cirulation patterns
Convective Thunderstorms
Figure 6. Positions of the North Pacific High and Bermuda High
Influence of El Nio
Factors Controlling Runoff
Figure 8. Soils map of the United States
Illustration - ERDC-TR-04-10038
Transmission losses
Value and Limitations of Existing Maps for Understanding Runoff Patterns
Table 4. Precipitation and runoff characteristics for ecosystem provinces in the western U.S
RainfallRunoff Models
RainfallRunoff Models-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10043
RainfallRunoff Models-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10044
Table 5. Rainfallrunoff models accepted by FEMA for usage in the National Flood Insurance Program
HYDRAULICS
Influence of Boundary Conditions
Hydraulic Models
Usefulness of Hydrology and Hydraulics for Delineating the OHWM
Table 6. Hydraulic models accepted by FEMA for usage in the National Flood Insurance Program
Comparisons of hydraulic model
CONCLUSIONS - ERDC-TR-04-10052
REFERENCES - ERDC-TR-04-10053
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10054
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10055
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10056
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10057
Chapter 3. Fluvial Geomorphology Literature Review for Ordinary High Water Mark Indicators in the Arid Southwest
INTRODUCTION-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10059
PRINCIPLES OF FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY
Terrace Development
Terrace Development-continue
STREAM SYSTEM TYPES
Figure 13. Wide, shallow ephemeral stream channel
Figure 14. Unconfined sheetflood zone on Wild Burro Wash near Marana, Arizona
The morphological changes
Figure 15. Arroyo Chico in the Rio Puerco Watershed, New Mexico, showing entrenched vertical walls typical of arroyos
Compound Channels
Figure 16. Compound channel showing a single-thread meandering channel inset into a wider braided pattern
Alluvial Fans
Figure 17. Conical shape and distributary flow pattern developed on an alluvial fan
Figure 18. Aerial photographs of Ruelas Fan near Marana, Arizona, taken in 1936 and 1988
Figure 19. Five channel morphologies observed on alluvial fans in southern Arizona
Figure 20. Geomorphic map of alluvial fan surfaces on the southwestern piedmont of the White Tank Mountains, Arizona
Figure 21. Well-developed weathering features on an inactive alluvial fan surface
Anastomosing Rivers
Figure 22. Anastomosing channels along Cooper Creek, Australia
Single-Thread Channels with Adjacent Floodplains
DIFFERENCES AMONG STREAM TYPES
DIFFERENCES AMONG STREAM TYPES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10080
DIFFERENCES AMONG STREAM TYPES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10081
IDENTIFYING THE ORDINARY HIGH WATER MARK ON DESERT RIVERS
Identification of Limits of Geomorphically Effective Events
Exclusion of Areas Definitively Above and Below the OHWM
Exclusion of Areas Definitively Above and Below the OHWM-continue
Recognition of the Transitory Tendency of Arid-Region Rivers
Application of Hydrologic and Hydraulic Methods
Application of Hydrologic and Hydraulic Methods-continue
CONCLUSIONS - ERDC-TR-04-10089
REFERENCES - ERDC-TR-04-10090
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10091
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10092
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10093
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10094
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10095
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10096
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10097
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10098
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10099
GLOSSARY - ERDC-TR-04-10100
GLOSSARY-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10101
Chapter 4. Vegetation Literature Review for Ordinary High Water Mark Indicators in the Arid Southwest
INTRODUCTION-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10103
COMMUNITY-LEVEL PATTERNS
Table 12. Wetland biotic communities of the southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico
COMMUNITY-LEVEL PATTERNS-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10106
COMMUNITY-LEVEL PATTERNS-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10107
SPATIAL PATTERNS
SPATIAL PATTERNS-continue
ADAPTATIONS OF WOODY PIONEER SPECIES
Fluvial Processes and Tree Recruitment
Growth and Survival
Growth and Survival-continue
POPULATION PATTERNS OF PIONEER TREES
Figure 24. Hydromesic riparian vegetation at a perennial site on the San Pedro River, Arizona
POPULATION PATTERNS OF PIONEER TREES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10116
POPULATION PATTERNS OF PIONEER TREES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10117
HERBACEOUS PLANT PATTERNS
HERBACEOUS PLANT PATTERNS-continue
Figure 25. Mesoriparian vegetation at an intermittent site on the San Pedro River, Arizona
XERORIPARIAN SYSTEMS
XERORIPARIAN SYSTEMS-continue
INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE
IDENTIFYING THE ORDINARY HIGH WATER MARK: SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS
Table 13. Potential vegetative evidence of location below the ordinary high water mark
Table 14. Possible vegetative evidence of location above the ordinary high water mark
IDENTIFYING THE ORDINARY HIGH WATER MARK: SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS-continue
CONCLUSION - ERDC-TR-04-10128
REFERENCES - ERDC-TR-04-10129
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10130
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10131
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10132
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10133
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10134
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10135
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10136
REFERENCES-continue - ERDC-TR-04-10137
Report Documentation Page - ERDC-TR-04-10138
ERDC-TR-04-1
