14. Range maintenance crater located near mortar test area ...................................
21
15. Chromatogram of solvent extract of soil collected 10 m from center
22
16. Sampling soil at Lampkin Range firing point ...................................................
22
17. Chromatogram of solvent extract of soil collected at Lampkin Range
23
18. Grenades found scattered on a gravel pad on the Washington Impact Area .....
23
19. Chromatogram of solvent extract of soil collected on a gravel pad that
24
20. Using the Expray kit to identify the explosive filler of a 2.75-in. rocket
24
21. Chromatogram of solvent extract of soil collected under a 2.75-in. rocket
25
22. Red phosphorus pellets from an L8A3 smoke grenade .....................................
26
23. Probability plots of RDX and TNT concentrations ...........................................
28
24. Probability plots of metal concentrations found in samples ..............................
29
25. Box plots of lead and zinc concentrations showing which events resulted
31
26. Conceptual illustration of a stratified sampling plan to estimate mean
33
TABLES
Table
1. Summary of explosives detected by soil sampling on firing ranges .................
7
2. Components of M821E1 projectile with M734 fuse .........................................
9
3. Explosives residues detected in soil impacted by 81-mm HE projectiles .........
10
4. Soil directly under 81-mm HE projectile low-order detonation ........................
10
5. Metals determined in soil from mortar firing test location ................................
11
6. Explosives residues detected around two tank targets used for TOW
13
7. Metals determined in soil around two tank targets used for TOW
15
8. Explosives residues detected in soil from a revetment used to conceal
16
9. Metals determined in soil from a revetment used to conceal a target in
16
10. Components of 40-mm grenades .......................................................................
17
11. Explosives residues detected in soil from a berm into which 1800 40-mm
19
12. Metals determined in soil from a berm into which 1800 40-mm grenades
19
13. Explosives residues detected in three range maintenance craters .....................
21
14. Explosives detected in soil under a 2.75-in. rocket low-order detonation ........
25
15. Explosives detected in discrete samples collected at 50-m intervals
26
16. Concentrations of metals in discrete samples collected at 50-m
27
17. Summary of explosives found in soil samples ..................................................
27
18. Risk-based concentrations in soil and maximum concentrations detected
32
19. Naturally occurring cleanup levels and maximum concentrations
32
iv
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