CONTENTS
Preface .............................................................................................................................
ii
Nomenclature ..................................................................................................................
v
Introduction .....................................................................................................................
1
Background ..............................................................................................................
1
Environmental setting ..............................................................................................
2
Range use .................................................................................................................
6
Munitions .................................................................................................................
6
Objective of sampling ..............................................................................................
6
Methods ...........................................................................................................................
6
Analytical methods ..........................................................................................................
7
Explosives ................................................................................................................
7
White phosphorus ....................................................................................................
8
Metals ......................................................................................................................
8
Results .............................................................................................................................
8
Known events ..........................................................................................................
8
Other events .............................................................................................................
19
Discussion ........................................................................................................................
27
Explosives residues .................................................................................................
27
Metals ......................................................................................................................
27
Comparison with current cleanup guidance ............................................................
31
Recommendations for future sampling plans ..........................................................
32
Conclusions .....................................................................................................................
33
Literature cited .................................................................................................................
34
Appendix A: Chemicals ...................................................................................................
37
Abstract ............................................................................................................................
43
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
1. Washington Impact Area ...................................................................................
2
4
3. Sampling grids ...................................................................................................
5
9
11
6. Tank used as a target during TOW missile tests ................................................
12
14
15
9. Impact berm for 40-mm grenade test ................................................................
17
10. Firing point for 40-mm grenade test ..................................................................
18
18
20
20
iii
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