Table 1. Values of various parameters used during the small-scale tests and some of the results obtained
from the tests.
Stone
Maximum
Carriage
size
Ramp
Ice
Flexural strength
Characteristic
horizontal
speed
(D100)
slope
thickness
Down
Up
length
Level of damage
force
Test
Date
(cm/s)
(mm)
(deg)
(mm)
(kPa)
(kPa)
(m)
0 = none; 3 = H
(N)
1
29 Nov 93
80
38
18
50
118
70
0.90
0
8007
2
3 Dec 93
20
38
18
45
93
44
0.64
3
5338
3
8 Dec 93
40
38
18
40
106
45
0.58
1
1779
4
10 Dec 93
40
38
18
43
104
45
0.66
3
6895
5
15 Dec 93
40
38
18
35
90
37
0.40
3
4226
6
7 Jan 94
40
38
18
34
90
0.42
2
3114
7
12 Jan 94
40
38
18
24
102
40
0.37
2
2224
8
21 Jan 94
40
38
18
35
57
0.38
3
2447
9
26 Jan 94
20
38
18
35
75
31
0.40
2
2669
10
28 Jan 94
40
38
27
40
103
50
0.54
2
4671
11
2 Feb 94
40
38
34
31
80
31
0.36
1
2669
12
4 Feb 94
40
38
34
36
98
37
0.47
1
4893
13
9 Feb 94
40
38
27
37
107
34
0.50
1
3781
14
11 Feb 94
40
38
27
41
90
51
0.54
2
6228
15
16 Feb 94
40
38
34
38
108
59
0.54
3
5560
16
18 Feb 94
40
127
18
37
95
31
0.47
0
4448
17
23 Feb 94
40
127
18
33
79
32
0.38
0
2224
18
25 Feb 94
40
127
18
54
116
79
0.84
0
3559
19
1 Mar 94
40
127
34
53
100
52
0.84
1
11121
20
8 Mar 94
40
127
27
53
108
56
0.79
0
8674
21
11 Mar 94
40
127
27
55
85
42
0.75
1
11009
22
15 Mar 94
40
127
34
56
118
68
0.80
0
8585
23
18 Mar 94
40
127
34
41
128
72
0.58
0
7340
24
22 Mar 94
40
127
34
34
108
41
0.42
0
3225
25
25 Mar 94
40
127
18
43
90
45
0.69
0
6450
26
5 Apr 94
40
76
18
42
124
56
0.58
0
6005
27
7 Apr 94
40
76
18
40
94
0.53
0
6005
28
12 Apr 94
40
76
18
65
117
53
0.84
3
7562
29
15 Apr 94
40
76
27
55
101
0.90
1
13345
30
19 Apr 94
40
76
34
55
95
0.97
3
17793
31
22 Apr 94
40
76
18
42
122
49
0.56
2
3559
32
26 Apr 94
40
76
27
46
102
0.63
0
6895
33
29 Apr 94
40
76
34
46
114
56
0.63
1
4448
34
4 May 94
40
76
18
25
122
49
0.31
0
6228
35
6 May 94
40
76
27
33
93
31
0.40
0
3114
ice-free test. This technique provided a repeatable
means of quantifying the amount of rock moved
during a test by ice shoving.
Procedure
Before each test, we carefully leveled the rocks
on the model riprap bank and filled in gaps in the
riprap layer where necessary, as shown in Figure
14. The angle of the model bank was adjusted by
changing the effective length of the support rods
at the front (submerged) end of the model. Prior
to freezing an ice sheet, we adjusted the water level
in the test basin so that the model was submerged
about halfway. We measured the water level rela-
tive to the model bank for each test and profiled
the rocks using a grid technique explained above.
Figure 13. Measurement of the distance
We took photographs of the rocks directly above
of the riprap surface from the strings at
the model from a fixed vantage point before, dur-
each grid point.
11
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