properties of sea ice. In The Norwegian North Polar
Shapiro, L.H. and W .F. Weeks (1993) Influence of
Expedition with the "Maud," 19181929, Scientific
crystallographic and structural properties on the
Results. 1(5): 167. Bergen: Geofysisk Institutt.
flexural strength of small sea ice beams. In Ice
Marion, G.M. and S.A. Grant (1994) FREZCHEM:
Mechanics (J.P. Dempsey, Z.P. Baezant, Y.D.S.
A chemicalthermodynamic model for aqueous
Rajapakse and S.S. Sunder, Eds.), AMDVol. 163,
solutions at subzero temperatures. USA Cold Re-
Book no. G00786. New York: American Society of
gions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Spe-
Mechanical Engineers, p. 177188.
cial Report 94-18.
Sinha, N.K. (1977) Technique for studying struc-
Martin, S. (1974) Ice stalactites: Comparison of a
ture of sea ice. Journal of Glaciology, 18(79): 315323.
laminar flow theory with experiment. Journal of
Sutherland, P.C. (1852) Journal of a voyage in
Fluid Mechanics, 63(1): 5179.
Baffin's Bay and Barrow Straits, in the years 1850
Martin, S. (1979) A
field study of
brine drainage
1851 performed by H.M. ships Lady Franklin and
and oil entrainment in first-year sea ice. Journal of
Sophia, under the command of Mr. William Penney,
Glaciology, 22(88): 473502.
in search of the missing crews of H.M. ships Erebus
Martin, S. (1981) Frazil ice in rivers and oceans.
and Terror. London: Longman, Brown, Green and
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 13: 379397.
Longmans.
Maykut, G.A. (1986) The surface heat and mass
Timco, G.W ., R.M.W . Frederking, S.J. Jones, R.F.
balance. In The Geophysics of Sea Ice (N. Unter-
McKenna, J. Tillotson and I.J. Jordan (Eds.) (1991)
steiner, Ed.). New York: Plenum Press, p. 395463.
Seasonal compressive strength of Beaufort Sea ice
Meese, D.A. (1989) The chemical and structural
sheets. In IceStructure Interaction, Proceedings of
properties of sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea.
the IUTAM/IAHR Symposium, St. John's, Newfound-
USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering
land, 1989. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 267282.
Laboratory, CRREL Report 89-25.
Tucker, W .B. III, A.J. Gow and J.A. Richter (1984)
Morey, R.M., A. Kovacs and G.F.N. Cox (1984)
On small-scale horizontal variations of salinity in
Electromagnetic properties of sea ice. Cold Re-
first-year sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research,
gions Science and Technology, 9(1): 5375.
89(C4): 65056514.
Nakawo, M. and N.K. Sinha (1981) Growth rate
Untersteiner, N. (1968) Natural desalination and
and salinity profile of first-year sea ice in the
high Arctic. Journal of Glaciology, 27(96): 315330.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 73(4): 12511257.
Nakawo, M. and N.K. Sinha (1984) A note on
Usachev, P.I. (1949) The microflora of polar ice (in
brine layer spacing of first-year sea ice. Atmo-
Russian). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 3: 216-259.
sphereOcean, 22(2): 193206.
Veazey, A.L., M.O. Jeffries and K. Morris (1994)
Niedrauer, T.M. and S. Martin (1979) An experi-
Small-scale variability of physical properties and
structural characteristics of Antarctic fast ice. In
young sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research,
Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on
84(C3): 11761186.
Antarctic Glaciology (VISAG), 511 September, Cam-
Ono, N. and T. Kasai (1985) Surface layer salinity
bridge, U.K. (E.M. Morris, Ed.), Annals of Glaciol-
of young sea ice. In Proceedings of the Symposium
ogy, 20: 6166.
on Snow and Ice Processes at the Earth's Surface, 27
Wakatsuchi, M. (1983) Brine exclusion process
September, 1984, Sapporo, Japan, Annals of Glaciol-
from growing sea ice. ContributionHokkaido
ogy, 6: 298299.
University (Sapporo). Low Temperature Science, Se-
Page, R.A. (1966) Crystallographic studies of sea
ries A, no. 33, p. 2965.
ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. U.S. Naval
Wang, Y.S. (1979) Sea ice properties. In Technical
Civil Engineering Laboratory, NCEL Report R-494.
Seminar on Alaskan Beaufort Sea Gravel Island De-
Page, R.A. (1970) Stalactite growth beneath sea
sign, Houston, Texas. Production Research Co.
ice. Science, 167: 171.
Weeks, W.F. and S.F. Ackley (1989) The growth,
Payton, H.R. (1966) Sea ice strength. Geophysical
structure and properties of sea ice. In The Geo-
Institute, University of Alaska, Report UAG-182.
physics of Sea Ice (N. Untersteiner, Ed.). New York
Perovich, D.K. and J.A. Richter-Menge (1994)
and London: Plenum Press, p. 9164.
Surface characteristics of lead ice. Journal of Geo-
Weeks, W .F. and D.L. Anderson (1958) An ex-
physical Research, 99(C8): 1634116350.
perimental study of strength of young sea ice.
Ryvlin, A.Ia. (1974) Method of forecasting flex-
Transactions of the American Geophysical Union,
ural strength of an ice cover (in Russian). Problems
39(4): 641647.
of the Arctic and Antarctic, 45: 7986.
Weeks, W .F. and A.J. Gow (1978) Preferred crys-
15