of brine drainage features in young sea ice. Jour-
study of brine upward migration in thin sea ice
nal of Glaciology, 14(70): 137154.
(in Japanese with English summary). Low Tem-
Eicken, H. (1992) Salinity profiles of Antarctic sea
perature Science, Series A, 43: 149155.
ice: Field data and model results. Journal of Geo-
Kempema, E.W ., E. Reimnitz and P.W . Barnes
physical Research, 97(C10): 1554515557.
(1989) Sea ice sediment entrainment and rafting
Eicken, H. and M.A. Lange (1989) Development
in the Arctic. Journal of Sediment Petrology, 59(2):
of properties of sea ice in the coastal regime of
308317.
southeastern Weddell Sea. Journal of Geophysical
Kingery, W .D. and W .H. Goodnow (1963) Brine
Research, 94(C6): 81938206.
migration in salt ice. In Ice and Snow Properties,
Fedotov, V.I. (1973) Studies of Antarctic fast ice.
Processes and Applications (W.D. Kingery, Ed.), Cam-
In Studies in Ice Physics and Ice Engineering (G.N.
bridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 237247.
Iakovlev, Ed.), Proceedings Vol. 300, Arctic and
Kovacs, A. (1993) Axial double-ball test versus
Antarctic Scientific Research Institute (English
the uniaxial unconfined compression test for mea-
translation, R. Hardin), p. 95111.
suring the compressive strength of fresh and sea
Fukutomi, T., K. Kusunoki and T. Tabata (1951)
ice. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Study of sea ice: On chlorinity of the coastal land
Laboratory, CRREL Report 93-25.
ice observed at Abashiri and Monbetsu in Hok-
Kovacs, A. and J. Kalafut (1977) Brazil tensile
kaido. Low Temperature Science, Series A(6).
strength tests on sea ice: Data report. USA Cold
Gow, A.J. and W .F. Weeks (1977) The internal
Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory,
structure of fast ice near Narwhal Island, Beau-
Special Report 77-24.
fort Sea, Alaska. USA Cold Regions Research and
Kovacs, A. and M. Mellor (1971) Sea ice pressure
Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 77-29.
ridges and ice islands. Hanover, New Hampshire:
Gow, A.J., W .B. Tucker III and W .F. Weeks (1987)
Creare Science and Technology, Technical Note
Physical properties of summer ice in the Fram
TN-122.
Strait, JuneJuly 1984. USA Cold Regions Research
Kovacs, A. and R.M. Morey (1978) Radar aniso-
and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 87-16.
tropy of sea ice due to preferred azimuthal orien-
tation of the horizontal c-axes of ice crystals. Jour-
Gow, A.J., S.F. Ackley, K.R. Buck and K.M.
Golden (1987) Physical and structural character-
nal of Geophysical Research, 83(C2): 60376046.
istics of Weddell Sea pack ice. USA Cold Regions
Kovacs, A. and R.M. Morey (1979) Anisotropic
Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Re-
properties of sea ice in the 50150 MHz range.
port 87-14.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 84(C9): 57495759.
Gow, A.J., S.F. Ackley, V.I. Lytle and D. Bell (1992)
Kovacs, A. and R.M. Morey (1980) Investigations
Ice-core studies in the western Weddell Sea
of sea ice anisotropy, electromagnetic properties,
(Nathaniel B. Palmer 92-2). Antarctic Journal of the
strength and under-ice current orientation. USA
United States, 27(5): 8990.
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Labora-
tory, CRREL Report 80-20.
Gow, A.J., S.F. Ackley, W .F. Weeks and J.W .
Govoni (1982) Physical and structural character-
Kovacs, A., W .F. Weeks, S. Ackley and W .D.
istics of Antarctic sea ice. Annals of Glaciology, 3:
Hibler III (1973) Structure of a multi-year pres-
113117.
sure ridge. Arctic, 26(1): 2231.
Grishchenko, V.D. (1988) Peculiarities of sea ice
Lake, R.A. and E.L. Lewis (1970) Salt rejection by
desalination in winter (in Russian). Arctic and
sea ice during growth. Journal of Geophysical Re-
Antarctic Research Institute, Trudy, 401: 5564.
search, 75(3): 583597.
Harrison, J.D. and W .A. Tiller (1963) Controlled
Langhorne, P.J. and W .H. Robinson (1986) Align-
freezing of water. In Ice and Snow: Properties, Pro-
ment of crystals in sea ice due to fluid motion.
cesses and Applications (W.D. Kingery, Ed.). Cam-
Cold Regions Science and Technology, 12(2): 197214.
bridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 215225.
Lewis, E.L. and A.R. Milne (1977) Underwater sea
Jeffries, M.O. (1994) Late winter sea-ice proper-
ice formations. In Proceedings of the Polar Oceans Con-
ties and growth process in the Bellingshausen
ference, May 1974, Montreal, Canada (M.J. Dunbar,
and Amundsen Seas. Antarctic Journal of the United
Ed.). Arctic Institute of North America, p. 239245.
States, 29(1): 11.
Makshtas, A.P. (1984) The heat balance of Arctic
Jeffries, M.O. and W .F. Weeks (1993) Structural
ice in winter. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. (En-
characteristics and development of sea ice in the
glish translation, International Glaciological Soci-
western Ross Sea. Antarctic Science, 5(1): 6375.
ety, Cambridge, U.K., 1991).
Kasai, T. and Ono, N. (1984) An experimental
Malmgren, F. and H.U. Sverdrup (1927) On the
14