protection admixtures, also referred to as anti-
determine whether the performance of existing
freeze admixtures. These new admixtures do not
accelerator products can be enhanced. It is very
adversely affect the long-term durability of con-
difficult at this time to project future sales vol-
crete. The admixtures developed through the joint
umes for a product that is commercialized in this
efforts of WRG and CRREL provide satisfactory
manner.
strength performance down to 5C, exceeding
Given the magnitude of the market potential
the strength performance of untreated concrete
(even allowing for the cursory nature of the analy-
cured at 5C. There is limited use of chemical
sis), WRG views this as an exciting new opportu-
admixtures below 0C. At any concrete curing tem-
nity for growth, and one that will be pursued
perature in excess of 0C, PolarSet (WRG's new,
further.
premier nonchloride accelerator prescribed for air
temperatures as low as 7C) matches the strength
of the new admixtures developed under the CPAR
LITERATURE CITED
project. PolarSet also provides longer set times at
its working temperature range. Therefore, the
American Concrete Institute (1988) Cold Weather
advantage band provided by the new antifreeze
Concrete. Detroit, Michigan: ACI 306-388.
admixture is relatively narrow compared to
Borland, S. (1994a) Pushing the winter concreting
PolarSet, and it may economically justify its use
envelope. ASCE New Hampshire Section Newsletter,
only for large projects where the job weather
15(10): November.
conditions can be fairly predicted.
Borland, S. (1994b) Researchers awarded patent
for admixture. Concrete International Magazine,
Plans for commercialization
American Concrete Institute, December.
Bringing a new product to the market involves
Korhonen, C.J. (1990) Antifreeze admixtures for
developing manufacturing facilities and protocols,
cold weather concreting: A literature review. U.S.
implementing storage containers, increasing in-
Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering
ventory costs, developing technical and promo-
Laboratory, Special Report 90-32.
tional literature, and incurring training and other
Korhonen, C.J., E.R. Cortez, B.A. Charest, and
expenses. The advantage provided by the new
C.E. Smith, Jr. (1994a) Low-temperature admix-
product must justify the investment. In the case of
tures for concrete. In Proceedings of the Seventh In-
the new admixtures developed under this CPAR
ternational Specialty Conference on Cold Regions En-
program, the advantage was clear but not exten-
gineering, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, p. 8796. New
sive enough to justify the cost of marketing a new
York: American Society of Civil Engineers.
product. The new admixture extends the concrete
Korhonen, C.J., B.A. Charest, E.R. Cortez, and
curing temperature approximately 5C lower than
C.E. Smith, Jr. (1994b) Pushing the winter con-
that possible with WRG's existing accelerator,
creting envelope. The Military Engineer, 86(565).
PolarSet.
Alexandria, Virginia: The Society of American
The product as developed in this CPAR project
Military Engineers.
will be further studied to see if it warrants com-
Korhonen, C.J., B.A. Charest, and K. Romisch
mercialization on a very limited scale. It is cur-
(1995) Developing new low-temperature admix-
rently anticipated that, if the product were to be
tures for concrete. In Proceedings of Corps of Engi-
brought through WRG's product authorization
neers Structural Conference, San Antonio, Texas.
procedure, and then just kept on the shelf, it would
Jeknavorian, A.A., Berke, N.S., and Shen, D.F.
be available on a specific project-by-project basis
(1994) Performance evaluation of set accelerators
where its particular performance characteristics
for concrete. In Proceedings of the Fourth CANMET/
may be needed. Also, developments from this pro-
ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers
gram are currently being investigated further to
and Other Admixtures, Montreal, 1994.
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