in friction and destruction of ice and in thunderclouds.
tion between dislocations and current carriers in ice. In
Abstracts of Vth International Conference on Properties
Low Temperature Science, A1: 149187.
Zaretskii, A.V. (1991) Experimental determination of
and Structure of Dislocations in Semiconductors, Mos-
the H3O+ ion's mobility in ice from 160 to 240K. In
cow (Zvenigorod).
Summaries of International Symposium on the Physics
Petrenko, V.F. and N. Maeno (1987) Ice field transistor.
Journal de Physique C1, 48: 115119.
and Chemistry of Ice, September 16. Sapporo, Japan, p.
Petrenko, V.F. and R.W. Whitworth (1983) Electrical
204.
currents associated with dislocation motion in ice. Jour-
nal of Physical Chemistry, 87: 40224024.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reynolds, S.E., M. Brook and M.F. Gourley (1957)
Thunderstorm charge separation. Journal of Meteorolo-
gy, 14: 426436.
Bernal, J.D. and R.H. Fowler (1933) A theory of
water and ionic solutions with particular reference to
Rossman, F. (1950) Polare Kristallform und Electrische
Erregung des Eises. Experientia, 6: 182184.
hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. Journal of Chemical Phys-
Sato, A. and G. Wakahama (1992) Measurement of the
ics, 1: 515458.
Berri, B.L. (1986) Electromagnetic processes in water
velocity of cracks propagation in ice. In Physics and
Chemistry of Ice (N. Maeno and T. Kondoh, Ed.). Sap-
crystallization and ice failure. In Problems of Engineer-
ing Glaciology. Nauka: Novosibirsk (USSR), p. 2432.
poro: Hokkaido University Press, p. 476480.
Takahashi, T. (1966) Thermoelectric effect in ice. Jour-
Berri, B.L. and V.A. Gribov (1982) Radio irradiation
nal of Atmospheric Science, 23: 7477.
of glaciers and snow avalanches. Materiali Glatsiolo-
gicheskih Issledovanii, 44: 150156.
Takahashi, T. (1969a) Electric potential of rubbed ice
surface. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 26: 1259
Bogorodskii, V.V., A.V. Gusev, V.A. Nikitin and M.B.
Yartsev (1990) On electromagnetic emission during
1265.
Takahashi, T. (1969b) Electrical charge generation by
dynamic processes in ice. Doklady Akademii Nauk
breaking of frost under a temperature gradient. Journal
SSSR, 314(6): 13571360.
Fifolt, D.A., V.F. Petrenko and E.M. Schulson (1991)
of Meteorological Society of Japan, 47(1): 2328.
Takahashi, T. (1983) Electric charge separation during
Electrical signals from cracks in ice. In Summaries of
ice deformation and fracture under a temperature gradi-
International Symposium on the Physics and Chemistry
of Ice, 16 September Sapporo, Japan, p. 205206.
ent. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 87: 41224124.
Thiel, D.V. (1992) Electromagnetic emission (EME)
Itagaki, K. (1979) Charged dislocations in ice. I. Exis-
tence and charge density measurements by X-ray topog-
from ice crack formation: preliminary observations.
Cold Regions Science and Technology, 21: 4960.
raphy. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Weyl, W.A. (1951) Surface structure of water and some
Laboratory, CRREL Report 79-25.
Pauling, L. (1935) The structure and entropy of
ice and
of its physical and chemical manifestations. Journal of
Colloid Science, 6: 389405.
of other crystals with some randomness of atomic ar-
rangement. Journal of American Chemical Society, 57:
Whalley, E. and D.D. Klug (1984) Disorder-induced pi-
ezoelectric and piezo-optic effects. I. The theory of the
26802684.
piezoelectric properties and its application to ice. Jour-
Petrenko, V.F. (1992a) Electromagnetic emission from
cracks in polycrystalline ice. Abstracts of AGU Spring
nal of Chemical Physics, 81(12): 61196123.
Whitworth, R.W. (1975) Charged dislocations in ionic
Meeting, Montreal, May 1216, 1992, supplement to
EOS, p. 308309.
crystals. Advances in Physics, 24 (2): 203304.
Workman, E.J. and S.E. Reynolds (1949) Electrical
Petrenko, V.F. (1992b) On the nature of electrical sig-
activity as related to thunderstorm electricity. Bulletin of
nals from cracks in ice. In Physics and Chemistry of Ice
(N. Maeno and T. Hondoh, Ed.). Sapporo: Hokkaido
the American Meteorology Society, 30: 142144.
Workman, E. and S.E. Reynolds (1950) Electrical phe-
University Press, p. 175.
Petrenko, V.F. and R.W. Whitworth (1994) Structure
nomena occurring during the freezing of dilute aqueous
solutions and their possible relationship to thunderstorm
of ordinary ice Ih. Part II: Defects in ice. Volume 1: Point
defects. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory, Special Report 94-4.
Yoshida, Z. (1944) The mechanism of charge generation
30