Figure 1. Ice issues relating to Arctic slope protection and beach designs
(after Croasdale et al. 1988).
Figure 2. Typical beach designs for Arctic structures (after Croasdale et
al. 1988).
1988). These designs evolved with the construction
forms a grounded rubble ice zone. Part of this rub-
of islands in increasing depth of water from the
ble ice close to the water surface freezes and forms
early 1970s to the late 1980s.
a stable, protective rubble zone around an island.
Figure 3 shows a typical sequence of ice action
Any further ice action takes place at the outside
on sloping beaches in the Arctic. At the start of a
edge of the consolidated rubble ice. In deeper
winter season, thin ice moves against an island and
water, caisson-retained islands (Fig. 4) have suc-
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