RECOMMENDATIONS - CR96

taminants is controlled locally and varies season-

well. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Pa-

ally, including reversals in transport direction.

per, 544-E.

Although we cannot yet predict the directions

Ecology and Environment (1994) Remedial in-

and rates of ground water movement within the

vestigations report, Operable Unit 3, Fort Wain-

Canol Road area with certainty, continued analy-

wright, Alaska, Volumes 1, 2, and 3. Prepared for

ses of the distribution of frozen and unfrozen

the U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska.

materials that are coupled to flow measurements

Hess, A.E. (1982) A heat pulse flowmeter for mea-

in monitoring wells, including new subpermafrost

suring low velocities in boreholes. U.S. Geologi-

wells, will allow us to develop a much clearer

cal Survey Open File Report, 82-699.

picture of the overall patterns above, within and

Hopkins, D.M., T.N.V. Karlstrom and others

below the permafrost. Moreover, long-term data

(1955) Permafrost and ground water in Alaska.

acquisition will reveal whether flow parameters

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 264-F.

change seasonally or annually, and will give us

King, P.B. (1969) Tectonic map of North America

insight into the dominant aquifer controlling the

(1:5,000,000). U.S. Geological Survey Map.

ground water system of the Canol Road area.

Lawson, D.E., S.A. Arcone, J.C. Strasser, A.

Delaney, C. Williams and D. Albert (1993) Geo-

logical and geophysical analyses of permafrost

and ground water conditions, Fort Wainwright,

RECOMMENDATIONS

Alaska. Progress Report prepared for the U.S.

Ground water flow patterns require further

Army 6th ID and U.S. Army Engineer District,

analysis to define potential contaminant migra-

Alaska.

tion pathways in the discontinuous permafrost

Pw, T.L. (1958) Geologic map of the Fairbanks

within the Tank Farm, Truck Fill Stand and Canol

D-2 Quadrangle, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey

Road areas. Preliminary data are insufficient to

Geology Quadrangle Map GQ-110.

model ground water flow accurately, particularly

Pw, T.L., J.W. Bell, R.B Forbes and F.R. Weber

the role of local (Birch Hill) or subregional aqui-

(1976) Geologic map of the Fairbanks D-2 SE

fers in ground water movement. Monitoring wells

Quadrangle, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Mis-

should be installed in Birch Hill to define the

cellaneous Investigations Series Map I-942.

local hydraulic gradients. Water quality param-

Shannon and Wilson, Inc. (1992) Potential offsite

eters should also be analyzed for wells at various

ground water contaminant migration, west

depths in each aquifer within and external to the

boundary, Fort Wainwright, Alaska. Prepared

study area to further define water sources affect-

for the U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska.

ing site-specific ground water flow. Year-round

Williams, J.R. (1970) Ground water in the perma-

flow system measurements are required to iden-

frost regions of Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey

tify seasonal variability in direction and seepage

Professional Paper, 696.

velocity.

Williams, C.R., J.S. Morse, D.E. Lawson, D.E.

Garfield, J.D. Strasser and T. Tantillo (1995) An

automated monitoring system for site-specific,

in situ ground water flow analyses, Fort Wain-

LITERATURE CITED

wright, Alaska. Interim Draft Report for U.S.

Chapman, H.T. and A.E. Robinson (1962) A ther-

Army Alaska, Directorate of Public Works, and

mal flowmeter for measuring velocity of flow in a

U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska.