CONTENTS
Preface .......................................................................................................................................
ii
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................
1
Thermodynamic fundamentals ..................................................................................................
2
Definitions, first, and second laws ........................................................................................
2
Fundamental equations .........................................................................................................
3
Thermodynamic equilibrium .....................................................................................................
4
Thermal equilibrium .............................................................................................................
4
Mechanical equilibrium ........................................................................................................
4
Chemical equilibrium ...........................................................................................................
5
Summary ....................................................................................................................................
7
Thermodynamic treatment of frost heave ..................................................................................
8
Early contributions ................................................................................................................
8
Everett ...................................................................................................................................
9
Miller and Loch ....................................................................................................................
10
Miller ....................................................................................................................................
12
Gilpin ....................................................................................................................................
15
Summary of the thermodynamic formulations of frost heave ..............................................
16
Summary of current understanding of frost heave ....................................................................
17
Literature cited ...........................................................................................................................
18
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................
21
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
1. Plot of as a function of temperature for a pure solvent ..................................................
6
2. Phase diagram for water ....................................................................................................
7
3. Frost line in two soil types ................................................................................................
8
4. Curves of maximum capillary rise of sorted soils as a function of the average particle
diameter for a number of different distances to the groundwater table ......................
9
5. Piston-cylinder model of ice growth .................................................................................
10
6. Frozen fringe with ice lens above .....................................................................................
12
7. Vertical gradient of pore contents in a vertical column of freezing soil ...........................
13
8. Profiles of soil water pressure, effective stress, and pore pressure in the frozen fringe
just prior to ice lens initiation .....................................................................................
13
9. Typical results of Miller's rigid ice model of frost heave ................................................
14
10. Gradient in film water pressure next to a soil particle ......................................................
15
11. Gilpin's idealized model of the frozen fringe in a matrix of uniform spheres ..................
16
TABLE
Table
1. Types of reversible work done by thermodynamic systems .............................................
3
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