methods and turbulent fluxes at the air/ocean interface.
Hill, R.J. (1989) Implications of Monin-Obukhov simi-
Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 34: 287301.
larity theory for scalar quantities. Journal of the Atmos-
pheric Sciences, 46: 22362244.
Fairall, C.W. and R. Markson (1987) Mesoscale varia-
Hinze, J.O. (1975) Turbulence. New York: McGraw-Hill,
tions in surface stress, heat fluxes and drag coefficient in
the marginal ice zone during the 1983 Marginal Ice Zone
2nd edition.
Experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92: 6921
Hgstrm, U. (1988) Non-dimensional wind and temper-
6932.
ature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer: A re-
evaluation. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 42: 5578.
Fiedler, F. and H.A. Panofsky (1972) The geostrophic
drag coefficient and the `effective' roughness length.
Holtslag, A.A.M. and H.A.R. de Bruin (1988) Applied
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,
modeling of the nighttime surface energy balance over
land. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 27: 689704.
98: 213220.
Garratt, J.R. (1992) The Atmospheric Boundary Layer.
Inoue, J. (1989) Surface drag over the snow surface of
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
the Antarctic Plateau: 1. Factors controlling surface drag
over the katabatic wind region. Journal of Geophysical
Guest, P.S. and K.L. Davidson (1987) The effect of ob-
Research, 94: 22072217.
served ice conditions on the drag coefficient in the sum-
mer East Greenland Sea marginal ice zone. Journal of
ISW Group (1993) Weddell Sea exploration from ice
Geophysical Research, 92: 69436954.
station. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical
Union, 74: 121126.
Guest, P.S. and K.L. Davidson (1991) The aerodynamic
roughness of different types of sea ice. Journal of Geo-
Jackson, B.S. and J.J. Carroll (1978) Aerodynamic
physical Research, 96: 47094721.
roughness as a function of wind direction over asym-
metric surface elements. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,
Guest, P.S. and K.L. Davidson (1994) Factors affecting
variations of snow surface temperature and air tempera-
14: 323330.
ture over sea ice in winter. In The Polar Oceans and
Joffre, S.M. (1982) Momentum and heat transfers in the
Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment (O.M.
surface layer over a frozen sea. Boundary-Layer Meteor-
ology, 24: 211229.
Johannessen, R.D. Muench and J.E. Overland, Ed.). Wash-
ington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union, p. 435442.
Kahl, J.D. (1990) Characteristics of the low-level tem-
perature inversion along the Alaskan coast. International
Hanna, S.R. (1969) The thickness of the planetary bound-
ary layer. Atmospheric Environment, 3: 519536.
Journal of Climatology, 10: 537548.
Harr, M.E. (1977) Mechanics of Particulate Media: A
Kaimal, J.C. and J.J. Finnigan (1994) Atmospheric
Probabilistic Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Boundary Layer Flows: Their Structure and Measure-
Haugen, D.A. (Ed.) (1973) Workshop on Micrometeor-
ment. New York: Oxford University Press.
ology. Boston: American Meteorological Society.
Kaimal, J.C., J.C. Wyngaard, D.A. Haugen, O.R. Cot,
Haugen, D.A., J.C. Kaimal and E.F. Bradley (1971) An
Y. Izumi, S.J. Caughey and C.J. Readings (1976) Turbu-
lence structure in the convective boundary layer. Jour-
experimental study of Reynolds stress and heat flux in
the atmospheric surface layer. Quarterly Journal of the
nal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 33: 21522169.
Royal Meteorological Society, 97: 168180.
Kazanski, A.B. and A.S. Monin (1960) A turbulent re-
gime above the ground atmospheric layer. Izvestiya,
Heinemann, G. and L. Rose (1990) Surface energy bal-
Geophysical Series, no. 1, p. 110112.
ance, parameterizations of boundary-layer heights and
the application of resistance laws near an Antarctic ice
Kondo, J. and H. Yamazawa (1986) Bulk transfer coeffi-
shelf front. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 51: 123158.
cient over a snow surface. Boundary-Layer Meteorol-
ogy, 34: 123135.
Hess, G.D. (1973) On Rossby-number similarity theory
for a baroclinic planetary boundary layer. Journal of the
Lange, M.A. and H. Eichen (1991) The sea ice thick-
Atmospheric Sciences, 30: 17221723.
ness distribution in the northwestern Weddell Sea. Jour-
nal of Geophysical Research, 96: 48214837.
Hess, G.D. (1992) Observations and scaling of the atmos-
pheric boundary layer. Australian Meteorological Maga-
Large, W.G. and S. Pond (1981) Open ocean momen-
zine, 41: 7999.
tum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds.
Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11: 324336.
Hibler, W.D. III (1979) A dynamic thermodynamic sea
ice model. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 9: 815
Large, W.G. and S. Pond (1982) Sensible and latent heat
flux measurements over the ocean. Journal of Physical
846.
Oceanography, 12: 464482.
Hicks, B.B. (1976) Wind profile relationships from the
`Wangara' experiment. Quarterly Journal of the Royal
Launiainen, J. and T. Vihma (1990) Derivation of turbu-
Meteorological Society, 102: 535551.
lent surface fluxes--An iterative flux-profile method
allowing arbitrary observing heights. Environmental Soft-
Hicks, B.B. and H.C. Martin (1972) Atmospheric turbu-
lent fluxes over snow. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2:
ware, 5: 113124.
496502.
Lettau, H.H. (1979) Wind and temperature profile pre-
36