APPENDIX A: SYNOPSIS OF OPERATIONAL INFORMATION NEEDS,
STATE OF KNOWLEDGE, STRENGTHS, AND WEAKNESSES
INFORMATION NEEDS
10. Create regulatory policy development plan.
Pilot needs and human factors
11. Consider system integration, protocol compati-
1. Determine pilot information needs.
bility, and certification.
2. Design information displays conducive to effec-
12. Determine impact on NAS, ATC, and Free Flight.
tive risk assessment and cockpit resource man-
13. Develop standards to integrate ground, in-situ,
agement.
and remotely sensed information.
3. Understand pilot decision-making process for
14. Develop auto-reporting standards for ground
accurate hazard/risk assessment.
(ATC and weather) and other-aircraft linkages.
4. Develop avoid/escape strategies.
15. Develop testing standards for remote-sensing sys-
5. Determine effect of aircraft performance on
tems.
avoid/exit strategies vs. information needed.
6. Determine an acceptable warning lead time.
Test beds and platforms
7. Determine optimal training requirements.
1. Develop training and simulation protocols.
8. Develop unambiguous indications of icing, and
2. Locate test beds and platforms for sensor, infor-
an ability to sense through icing.
mation, avoidance, and escape procedure testing.
9. Improve operational guidelines for flight in icing.
3. Develop testing standards.
Operators and manufacturers
STATE OF KNOWLEDGE
1. Minimize remote-sensing system cost, size,
power, and weight and maximize maintainability,
Pilot needs and human factors
simplicity, and reliability.
1. Pilots have no indication when they are in icing
2. Establish aircraft space, weight, and power equip-
conditions that exceed aircraft limitations.
ment constraints.
2. Pilots often do not know how to avoid or escape
3. Develop incentives to use in-flight remote-sensing
icing.
icing-avoidance systems.
3. Pilots want to know if icing conditions lie ahead.
4. Establish aircraft operational limits in icing.
4. The stated icing information needs of a few pilots,
and of ALPA pilots as a union, are known.
Regulatory issues, weather forecasting,
5. Pilot reports are weak; spatial, temporal accuracy,
and traffic management
and terminology standardization are lacking.
1. Establish aircraft icing performance limits.
6. It is known how pilots use weather radar and wind
2. Develop simple, scientific, standardized scale for
shear alert systems, which may serve as analogs.
reporting icing potential.
7. It is known how information displayed affects
3. Develop regulatory operational concept and func-
pilot reaction to terrain and wind shear alerts.
tional requirements.
8. An effective icing display needs to be designed.
4. Develop training standards and requirements.
9. Pilots want a simple icing display, but other infor-
5. Develop clear, unambiguous guidelines of when
mation may be needed because of airframe and
severe icing conditions are entered.
mission differences.
6. Consider status of remote-sensing information--
10. Avoid/exit strategies should be identified and
whether it should be an advisory or warning sys-
tested--perhaps in a simulator.
tem.
11. Effects of aircraft performance on avoid/exit strat-
7. Create incentives for operators and manufactur-
egies and on information needs by pilots are not
ers to install remote-sensing systems.
known.
8. Expand FAR 25, Appendix C, to include freez-
12. Limitations of aircraft performance in avoid/es-
ing drizzle.
cape strategies are known through experience.
9. Develop ground-based icing remote-sensing sys-
13. Pilots do not know aircraft limits in icing.
tems for terminal areas.
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