the remediation process will be enhanced or hin-
5.5
dered by the physical environment is critical to
their success in this dynamic environment. Fur-
Top
ther, site-specific process analyses of tidal flat hy-
of Well
drology, as well as continued measurements of
4.5
Well
erosion and sedimentation, will allow us to deter-
Water
mine if this system will naturally attenuate the
WP contamination.
Gully
Water
3.5
14 Jul
24 Jul
3 Aug
13 Aug
23 Aug
LITERATURE CITED
Figure 70. Ground water monitoring well levels
and Hydrolab data at B-Gully. Elevations of top
Andrew, J. and G. Cooper (1993) Sedimentation
and bottom of monitoring well estimated at 4.78
in a river dominated estuary. Sedimentology, 40:
and 3.78 m respectively (from C. Racine).
9791017.
Allen, J.R.L. (1982) Sedimentary structures: Their
character and physical basis. Volume 1, 2. Develop-
ments in Sedimentology, vol. 30A, B. New York:
Elsevier.
CONCLUSIONS:
Allen, J.R.L. (1990a) Constraints on measurements
SYSTEM DYNAMICS
of sea-level movements from salt marsh accretion
AND REMEDIATION
rates. Journal of the Geological Society London, 147:
57.
Eagle River Flats is an estuarine salt marsh
Allen, J.R.L. (1990b) Salt marsh growth and strati-
whose physical environment is undergoing pro-
fication: A numerical model with special refer-
gressive and significant changes. These changes
ence to Severn estuary, S.W. Britain. Marine Geol-
result from the interaction and response of mul-
ogy, 95: 7796.
tiple physical processes to external forces such as
Allen, J.R.L. (1992) Large-scale textural patterns
tectonics, isostatic adjustment, macrotides, gla-
and sedimentary processes on tidal salt marshes
cial river discharges and a cold climate. The loca-
in Severn Estuary, Southwest Britain. Sedimentary
tion of ERF in an active earthquake zone adds to
Geology, 81: 299318.
its complexity and to the potential for future rapid,
Allen, J.R.L. and J.E. Rae (1988) Vertical salt marsh
but probably unpredictable, physical changes. If
accretion since the Roman period in the Severn
the area subsides again because of an earthquake,
estuary, southwest Britain. Marine Geology, 83: 225
major changes in the hydrology and terrain can
235.
be expected. While pond areas may increase be-
cause of subsidence, the drainage system and river
APHA, AWWA, WEF (American Public Health
channel may also respond with increases in rates
Association, American Water Works Association,
Water Environment Federation) (1992) Method
and locations of erosion if the base level is al-
2540D total suspended solids dried at 103105C.
tered. In addition, ground explosions and
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
cratering during the use of ERF as a military fir-
Wastewater, p. 256.
ing range since the early 1940s have caused physi-
Bartsch-Winkler, S. and A.T. Ovenshine (1984)
cal changes to the terrain, hydrology and surface
Macrotidal subarctic environment of Turnagain
drainage. Craters act to divert and capture sur-
and Knik Arms, Upper Cook Inlet, Alaska: Sedi-
face flow, causing changes in drainage and sedi-
mentology of the intertidal zone. Journal of Sedi-
ment storage patterns that can locally increase
mentary Petrology, 54: 12211238.
erosion and enhance gully expansion.
The inherent complexity of this dynamic envi-
Bloom, A.L. (1984) Peat accumulation and com-
ronment makes it extremely difficult to predict
paction in a Connecticut coastal marsh. Journal of
what effects potential remedies for WP contami-
Sedimentary Petrology, 34: 599603.
nation will have on the physical system and, con-
Boon, J.D. (1975) Tidal discharge asymmetry in a
versely, what short- and long-term effects the
salt marsh drainage system. Limnology and Ocean-
physical system will have on the effectiveness of
ography, 20: 7180.
proposed remediation. Understanding both the
Brown, L.D., R.E. Reilinger, S.R. Holdahl and
system's response to remediation and whether
E.I. Balazs (1977) Post-seismic coastal uplift near
57
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