Form Approved
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
OMB No. 0704-0188
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OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS.
1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)
2. REPORT TYPE
3. DATES COVERED (From - To)
December 2000
Technical Report
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
5b. GRANT NUMBER
Physical and Chemical Factors Affecting Contaminant Hydrology
in Cold Environments
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S)
5d. PROJECT NUMBER
5e. TASK NUMBER
Steven A. Grant
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT
NUMBER
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
72 Lyme Road
ERDC/CRREL TR-00-21
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1290
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
10. SPONSOR / MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)
U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station,
Office of the Chief of Engineers,
11. SPONSOR / MONITOR'S REPORT
and
NUMBER(S)
Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program
12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Available from NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
14. ABSTRACT
This report surveys some of the physical and chemical effects of cold temperatures that should be considered when developing a contam-
inant-transport model. This discussion begins with a working definition of cold regions for the purpose of contaminant hydrology
modeling: an area with appreciable frozen ground and with a substantial fraction of the annual precipitation falling as snow. The chem-
ical thermodynamics of geochemical solutions below 0C is then reviewed. Particular attention is placed on the physicalchemical
properties of ice and liquid water at subzero temperatures. Finally, models that estimate the liquid water content and hydraulic conduc-
tivity of frozen ground are discussed.
15. SUBJECT TERMS
Cold regions
Geochemistry
Permafrost
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:
17. LIMITATION OF
18. NUMBER
19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON
OF ABSTRACT
OF PAGES
a. REPORT
b. ABSTRACT
c. THIS PAGE
19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code)
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29
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)
Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239.18
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