Figure
8. Bucket loader spreading lime ........................................................................................
9
9. Grader mixing soil and lime ..........................................................................................
9
10. Compacted clay layer used to simulate the top of a MESL ......................................
10
11. Completed puncture test section before placing a wearing surface ........................
10
12. Pan placing gravel on the test section ..........................................................................
11
13. Grader spreading gravel ................................................................................................
11
14. Trafficking the puncture test ..........................................................................................
11
15. Equipment used to wash gravel off the test section ..................................................
12
16. Washing gravel ................................................................................................................
12
17. Adding water to the absorbent test section at Ethan Allen Firing Range,
Vermont ...................................................................................................................
13
18. Trafficking the absorbent test section ...........................................................................
13
19. Wheel ruts after one pass ...............................................................................................
13
20. Absorbent spread on test section ..................................................................................
14
21. Mixing absorbent and soil together ..............................................................................
14
22. Test section after one pass with a CUCV .....................................................................
14
23. Trafficking the section with a 5-ton dump truck ........................................................
15
24. Test section after one pass with a 5-ton dump truck .................................................
15
25. Test section after 30 passes with a 5-ton dump truck ................................................
16
26. Placing top membrane during light winds .................................................................
17
27. Membrane tear ................................................................................................................
17
28. Top-membrane tear, caused by a bucket loader .........................................................
18
TABLE
Table
1. Number of layers of geotextile protection for puncture test .................................... 10
iv
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