Oechel (1989) Comparative effects of downslope wa-
ronments: A review. Environmental Management, 14:
ter and nutrient movement of plant nutrition, photosyn-
6372.
thesis, and growth in Alaskan tundra. Holarctic Ecol-
Soil Survey Division Staff (SSDS) (1993) Soil survey
ogy, 12: 324334.
manual. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington,
DC.
O'Neil, R.V., D L. DeAngelis, J.B. Waide, and T.F.H.
Allen (1986) A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems.
Soil Survey Staff (1998) Keys to soil taxonomy, 8th
Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington,
Pw, T.L. (1975) Quaternary geology of Alaska. U.S.
DC.
Geological Survey, Washington, DC, Professional Pa-
Sparrow, S.D., F.J. Wooding, and E.H. Whiting
per 835.
(1978) Effects of off-road vehicle traffic on soils and
Pw, T.L., and G.W. Holmes (1964) Geology of the
vegetation in the Denali Highway region of Alaska.
Mt. Hayes (D-4) Quadrangle, Alaska. U.S. Geological
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 33: 2027.
Survey, Washington, DC, Miscellaneous Geologic In-
Swanson, F.J., T.K. Kratz, N. Caine, and R.G.
vestigations Map I-394.
Woodmansee (1988) Landform effects on ecosystem
Pw, T.L., and R.D. Reger, Eds. (1983) Richardson
patterns and processes. Bioscience, 38: 9298.
and Glenn Highways, Alaska, guidebook to permafrost
Ten Brink, N.W. (1983) Glaciation of the northern
and quaternary hydrology. Alaska Department of Natu-
Alaska Range. In Glaciation in Alaska: Extended Ab-
ral Resources, Fairbanks, Alaska.
stracts from a Workshop (R.M. Thorson, and T.D.
Pw, T.L., C. Wahrhaftig, and F. Webber (1966)
Hamilton, Eds.). University of Alaska Museum,
Geologic map of the Fairbanks Quadrangle, Alaska.
Fairbanks, Alaska, pp. 8288.
Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey.
Uhling, P.W.C., and J.K. Jordan (1996) A spatial hi-
erarchical framework for the co-management of eco-
Pickett, S.T., J. Kolasa, J.J. Armesto, and S.L. Collins
(1989) The ecological concept of disturbance and its
systems in Canada and the United States for the Upper
expression at various hierarchical levels. Oikos, 54:
Great Lakes Region. Environmental Monitoring and
129136.
Assessment, 39: 5973.
Racine, C.H., and G.M. Ahlstrand (1991) Thaw re-
U.S. Bureau of Land Management (USBLM) (1997)
sponse of tussock-shrub tundra to experimental all-ter-
Military Operational Area mitigation effectiveness
rain vehicle disturbance in south-central Alaska. Arc-
study--habitat phase (Tanana Flats). Final report pre-
tic, 44: 3137.
pared for 11th Air Force Environmental Management,
U.S. Department of Defense, Elmendorf Air Force Base,
discharge fens in the Tanana lowlands, interior Alaska,
Alaska, by Bureau of Land Management, Ducks Un-
U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 26: 418426.
limited, and Pacific Meridian Resources.
Van Cleve, K. (1977) Recovery of disturbed tundra and
Racine, C.H., M.T. Jorgenson, and J.C. Walters
(1998) Thermokarst vegetation in lowland birch for-
taiga surfaces in Alaska. In Proceedings of the Interna-
ests on the Tanana Flats, interior Alaska, U.S.A. In Pro-
tional Symposium on the Recovery of Damaged Eco-
ceedings of Seventh International Conference on Per-
systems (J. Cairns, K.L. Dickson, and E.E. Herricks,
mafrost, Yellowknife, N.W.T., Canada. Geological Sur-
Eds.). Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Vir-
vey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
ginia, pp. 422455.
Van Cleve, K., and L.A. Viereck (1983) A compari-
Rieger, S., D.B. Schoephorster, and C.E. Furbush
(1979) Exploratory soil survey of Alaska. Soil Conser-
son of successional sequences following fire on per-
vation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
mafrost-dominated and permafrost-free sites in Interior
ington, DC.
Alaska. In Permafrost, Fourth International Conference
Proceedings, 1722 July 1983, University of Alaska.
ecology. Ecology, 42: 420427.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 1292
Satterwhite, M., W. Rice, and J. Shipman (1984)
1297.
Using landform and vegetative factors to improve the
Van Cleve, K., C.T. Dyrness, L.A. Viereck, J. Fox,
interpretation of Landsat imagery. Photogrammetric
F.S. Chapin III, and W. Oechel (1983) Taiga ecosys-
Engineering and Remote Sensing, 50: 8391.
tems in interior Alaska. Bioscience, 33: 3944.
Shugart, H.H. (1998) Terrestrial Ecosystems in Chang-
Van Cleve, K., F.S. Chapin III, P.W. Flanagan, L.A.
ing Environments. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cam-
Viereck, and C.T. Dyrness (1986) Forest Ecosystems
bridge University Press.
in the Alaskan Taiga: A Synthesis of Structure and Func-
tion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Slaughter, C.W., C.H. Racine, D.A. Walker, L.A.
Johnson, and G. Abele (1989) Use of off-road vehicles
Van Cleve, K., F.S. Chapin III, C.T. Dyrness, and
and mitigation of effects of Alaska permafrost envi-
L.A. Viereck (1990) Element cycling in taiga forests:
62
Previous Page
