Table 3. Annual operation and maintanence cost estimate for sludge freez-
ing bed at McMurdo, Antarctica.
Unit
No. of
Time
Labor rate Annual
Item
Units
No.
cost
operators (hr/yr)
($/hr)
cost
Replacement sand (20%)
ton
9.6
--
--
--
6
Annual sludge removal and
loading into tri-walls
--
--
--
2
24
00
Replace and regrade sand
layer
--
--
--
2
8
0
Total
--
--
--
--
--
--
06
Kreith, F. (1973) Principles of Heat Transfer, 3rd ed.
bed. The estimated capital cost of the bed is 1,191,
which is 37% less than the proposed belt press alter-
New York: Harper Row Publishers.
native. The annual O&M cost of the freezing bed is
Martel, C.J. (1998) Cold weather clean. In Proceed-
06, which represents a 98% savings over the
ings of Water Environment and Technology. August, p.
belt press. In light of this analysis, NSF should
5053.
consider freezing bed technology as a viable alterna-
Martel, C.J. (1989) Development and design of sludge
tive to a belt press for sludge dewatering in McMurdo.
freezing beds. ASCE Journal of Environmental Engi-
neering, 115 (4): 799808.
Martel, C.J., and C.J. Diener (1991) Sludge dewa-
LITERATURE CITED
tering in a freezing bed, a pilot scale study. U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory,
Consoer Townsend Envirodyne Engineers, Inc.
CRREL Report 91-6.
(1999) McMurdo Research Station, Antarctica, Waste-
USA Today Climate (2000) www.usatoday.com/
water Treatment Alternatives Evaluation. CTE Project
weather/climate/antarctic.
No. 40158, Chicago, Illinois.
8
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