Form Approved
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
OMB No. 0704-0188
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OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS.
1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)
3. DATES COVERED (From - To)
2. REPORT TYPE
December 1999
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
5b. GRANT NUMBER
Fate of Explosives in Plant Tissues Contaminated During Phytoremediation
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S)
5d. PROJECT NUMBER
Philip G. Thorne
5e. TASK NUMBER
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT
NUMBER
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Engineer Research and Development Center
72 Lyme Road
Special Report 99-19
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1290
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
10. SPONSOR / MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)
11. SPONSOR / MONITOR'S REPORT
NUMBER(S)
12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Available from NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
14. ABSTRACT
Kenaf plants were grown in uncontaminated soil using irrigation water contaminated with TNT, RDX, and HMX, and in soil
contaminated with TNT, RDX, and HMX using uncontaminated irrigation water. Plant growth was minimal in contaminated
soil but unaffected by contaminated irrigation water. TNT and its free amino transformation products were recovered from
root tissues by solvent extraction. The conjugated amino transformation products were recovered from root tissue by base/
acid hydrolysis. RDX and HMX were recovered by solvent from the roots and foliar tissues. At harvest, the kenaf was chopped
and mixed in with soil, where it was allowed to humify. Very little TNT or its transformation products were recoverable either
by solvent extraction, base/acid hydrolysis, or aqueous leaching. Both RDX and HMX were recovered in significant amounts
by both solvent extraction and aqueous leaching; furthermore, the nitroso transformation products of RDX were detected in
the leachates. Kenaf plants could be used to remediate contaminated groundwater by removing TNT from irrigation water
and sequestering the residues as conjugated transformation products. These plants were ineffective for the remediation of
groundwater contaminated with RDX and HMX.
15. SUBJECT TERMS
Phytoremediation
Humification
RDX
ADNT
HMX
Explosives contamination Kenaf
TNT
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:
17. LIMITATION OF
18. NUMBER
19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON
OF ABSTRACT
OF PAGES
19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code)
a. REPORT
b. ABSTRACT
c. THIS PAGE
Unclassified
Unclassified
Unclassified
UL
13
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)
Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239.18
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