moisture conditions throughout the summer and
dangers posed by unexploded ordnance (UXOs)
fall.
preclude the use of conventional excavation
equipment.
Cummings, J.L., L. Clark, and P.A. Pochop (1994)
Field evaluation: Mortality of mallards feeding in
Collins, C.M., M.T. Meeks, M.R. Walsh, M.E.
areas treated with methyl anthranilate. In Inter-
Walsh, and R.N. Bailey (1997) Pond draining
agency expanded site investigation: Evaluation of
treatability: 1996 studies--the draining of Bread
white phosphorus contamination and potential treat-
Truck Pond. In Interagency expanded site investiga-
ability at Eagle River Flats, Alaska (C.H. Racine and
tion: Evaluation of white phosphorus contamination
D. Cate, Ed.). CRREL Contract Report to U.S.
and potential treatability at Eagle River Flats, Alaska
(C.M. Collins and D. Cate, Ed.). CRREL Contract
Army Garrison, Alaska, Directorate of Public
Report to U.S. Army, Alaska, Directorate of Public
Works, FY93 Final Report, p. 295298.
Works, FY96 Final Report, p. 5171.
We determined mortality of mallards feeding
On 30 April 1996, the Army conducted an
in pens treated with a modified MA formulation,
operation to excavate a drainage ditch to drain a
JR930725. The mortality of ducks continuously
pond within Eagle River Flats using explosives.
exposed to WP-contaminated sediment was about
The pond was contaminated with white phos-
60% lower in treated pens within the first 24 hours
phorus from smoke munitions previously fired
after treatment. At the conclusion of the test (144
into the area. Because of a possibility of encoun-
hours after treatment), the mortality was about
tering unexploded ordnance (UXO) if the ditch
50% lower in treated pens. We anticipate that the
was excavated using standard mechanical tech-
relative risk of poisoning in MA-treated areas
niques, the ditch was excavated using military
would decrease if the ducks were allowed to leave
explosives. The operation was conducted by per-
the area. Therefore, a study on free-ranging water-
sonnel of the 23rd Engineer Co., Ft. Richardson,
fowl is planned for 521 January 1994.
as a training exercise, with the operation planned
and coordinated by CRREL. The ditch was exca-
Cummings, J.L., L. Clark, P.A. Pochop, and J.E.
vated in two stages. Seventeen 40-lb shaped
Davis (1994) Laboratory evaluation of a methyl
charges were used to punch a series of 1-ft-
anthranilate bead formulation for reducing mal-
diameter pilot holes straight down into the frozen
lard mortality and feeding behavior. In Interagency
ground and ice of the BT Pond and the adjacent
expanded site investigation: Evaluation of white phos-
land to a depth of 1.52.4 m. The total amount of
phorus contamination and potential treatability at
explosives detonated in this first explosion was
Eagle River Flats, Alaska (C.H. Racine and D. Cate,
approximately 320 kg (700 lb). For the second
Ed.). CRREL Contract Report to U.S. Army Garri-
stage, a 40-lb cratering charge was placed in each
son, Alaska, Directorate of Public Works, FY93
of the pilot holes created by the shaped charges.
Final Report, p. 275280.
The cratering charges were linked together with
We applied methyl anthranilate (MA) bead for-
detonation cord and then detonated. The total
mulation JR930413 to bottom sediment in a simu-
amount of explosives detonated in this second
lated pond setting to evaluate its repellency to
explosion was also approximately 320 kg (700 lb).
captive mallards. JR930413 was applied at a rate
of 21.7 kg/ha or 7 beads/cm2 to bottom sediment.
The evenly spaced cratering charges produced a
series of overlapping craters forming a ditch
It was effective in reducing the time mallards
approximately 1.5 m deep, 34.5 m wide and 90 m
spent in pools. The average number of minutes
long. Several short sections of blockages in the
mallards spent in pools decreased to below pre-
ditch prevented full flow through the ditch until a
treatment levels. JR930413 applied to contamin-
series of flooding high tides later in the spring
ated waterfowl feeding areas at 21.7 kg/ha could
eroded them out. Full flow through the ditch and
reduce feeding and mortality and warrants fur-
drainage of the pond started on 22 May. By 21
ther testing in the field.
June the BT Pond water level was 30 cm below
the normal water level and occupied less than
Cummings, J.L., R.E. Johnson, K.S. Gruver, P.A.
10% of the original pond surface area. Prior to the
Pochop, and J.E. Davis (1997) Movement, distri-
next series of flooding tides starting 1 July, the
bution, and relative risk of mallards and bald
exposed pond bottom had started to dry out and
eagles using Eagle River Flats: 1996. In Interagency
the surface cracked. Dataloggers continued to
expanded site investigation: Evaluation of white phos-
monitor water levels, soil temperature, and soil
phorus contamination and potential treatability at
40
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