of available input data. Anchorage Summary of the
for 19602000 were produced for comparisons
Day records were obtained back to 1952 to calcu-
with the historical climatic record, previously
late historical means and extremes for the sum-
mentioned, of tidal inundation, air temperature,
mer season for a large number of parameters.
the frequency of extended periods of pond draw-
Time series of tidal flooding gaps using three
downs and drying soil moisture conditions. Such
flooding heights, precipitation, and estimated
data are of considerable importance to the fate of
evapotranspiration were developed for the grow-
white phosphorus in the soil.
ing seasons of 19952000. These data should be
useful for planning research and remediation
Haugen, R.K. (1996) Climate and tides. In Inter-
activities.
agency expanded site investigation: Evaluation of
white phosphorus contamination and potential treat-
Henry, K.S. (1994) Geosynthetic covering of con-
ability at Eagle River Flats, Alaska (C.H. Racine and
taminated sediment. In Interagency expanded site
D. Cate, Ed.). CRREL Contract Report to U.S.
investigation: Evaluation of white phosphorus contam-
Army, Alaska, Directorate of Public Works, FY95
ination and potential treatability at Eagle River Flats,
Final Report, p. 113130.
Alaska (C.H. Racine and D. Cate, Ed.). CRREL
Weather and tidal activity provide the driving
Contract Report to U.S. Army Garrison, Alaska,
forces for physical and biological processes in the
Directorate of Public Works, FY93 Final Report, p.
Eagle River Flats area. A meteorological site was
299304.
installed at the edge of the EOD pad in May 1994.
Conclusions from pilot field testing in ERF of
This station has provided a basis for climatic
four geosynthetic products, tested to limit expo-
comparisons with Anchorage and other study
sure of dabbling ducks to WP, in 1992 and 1993
locations at ERF. Data obtained at the EOD mete-
include: 1) the bubble formation in products A, B,
orological site included air, ground, and surface
and C placed in ERF is attributable primarily to
temperatures, incident and reflected solar radia-
the formation of gas in the pond sediments; 2) the
tion, relative humidity, wind speed and direction,
anchoring methods used on the test site were
and precipitation. A comparison with the 1994
inadequate for the environment of Area D; and 3)
season (MaySeptember) shows that the seasonal
no bubbles formed in product D installed in the
average temperature during 1995 was about the
ERF (this was the 2.5-cm netting underlain by
same but that precipitation during the 1995 season
coconut fibers). Future work on geosynthetics
(250 mm) was over twice that of the 1994 season.
should address the problem of providing a barrier
A comparison of 1995 air temperature data for
that: 1) limits exposure of wildlife to WP and 2)
30 May to 29 October between the EOD site, ERF
allows gas formed in the ERF to escape. A variety of
coastal site, and Anchorage showed Anchorage
products could be tested, including a geotextile
temperature to be higher than EOD by 2.3C, and
geomesh composite. The geotextile would be the
EOD to be higher than the ERF coastal site by the
bottom layer of the composite, serving as a separa-
same amount. The 1994 ERF report showed the
tor, and would have large-diameter holes cut in it at
coastal site to be warmer than the EOD site, but it
a regular spacing (e.g., 0.3-m diameter, spaced 1 m
is now apparent that daily maximum tempera-
apart on center). Other barriers might include a
tures were used to represent the coastal site in the
large-pored biodegradable product for use as a
1994 analysis, rather than the daily average tem-
temporary barrier. The survivability of products
peratures. The 2.3C difference found with the
should be determined; this includes resistance of
1995 data between the EOD pad site and the
the fabric to damage that would hinder its intended
coastal site should be considered representative.
function and determining suitable means of
Data analysis includes discussion of relative
anchoring the products so that they remain in
humidity, wind speed, and air and ground tem-
place in the various environments in which they
perature at the EOD site, together with solar radi-
would be placed. The interaction of any barrier re-
ation. Comparisons between net solar radiation,
mediation technique with the environment needs
soil surface temperature, and soil moisture meas-
to be determined, e.g., changes in sedimentation,
urements are shown graphically. Evapotranspira-
water levels, vegetation, and wildlife behavior
tion rates for the ERF area and for historical time
because of its presence. Adverse and beneficial
series were calculated. An existing computer pro-
impacts on the environment should be determined.
gram was used to calculate evapotranspiration
with different methods, depending on the amount
Henry, K.S. (1995) Screening study of barriers to
45
to contents
to index
Previous Page
