1994 study. The data from these studies indicate
Sediment samples were collected from 21 sites,
that a WP cleanup level would not be driven by
and benthic invertebrates were isolated and iden-
tified. Four of these sites were contaminated with
effects on benthic macroinvertebrates or bioaccu-
WP. There was only weak evidence of WP affecting
mulation in fish tissue.
the numbers of macroinvertebrates and no evi-
dence that it affected species that were present or
Clark, L., and J.L. Cummings (1994) Field behav-
species diversity. No WP was found in the stickle-
ioral response and bead formulations for methyl
back fish tissue of individuals living in the ponded
anthranilate encapsulated bird repellents. In
areas of ERF; the low levels of WP found in the
Interagency expanded site investigation: Evaluation of
same water samples of the ponded areas would be
white phosphorus contamination and potential treat-
diluted far beyond the recommended safe concen-
ability at Eagle River Flats, Alaska (C.H. Racine and
tration of 0.01 g/L when the flood tides bring
D. Cate, Ed.). CRREL Contract Report to U.S.
new water into these ponds. The data from this
Army Garrison, Alaska, Directorate of Public
study suggest that a WP cleanup level would not
Works, FY93 Final Report, p. 281294.
be driven by the effects on benthic macroinverte-
In the field we tested MA bead formulation
brates or bioaccumulation in fish tissue.
JR930413A, 15% applied at 21.7 kg/ha, to evalu-
In a laboratory sediment toxicity or bioassay
ate its repellency to ducks. Overall, mallards
test, all test organisms (the amphipod Hyallela az-
tended to shift their site preference away from the
teca and the midge larva Chironomus riparius) died
area of the pens treated with MA beads as a func-
in contaminated ERF pond sediment even at the
tion of experience. Similarly, there is a tendency
20% sediment dilution level. This is attributed to
for feeding activity to decrease at a faster rate
very high WP concentration levels in the water
within the bead-treated areas relative to the con-
overlying the sediments of all test levels. The WP
trol. Subsequent formulations are being consid-
concentrations in the water of the toxicity test,
ered that show greater promise for stability in the
even at the end of 30 days, was 1000 times that
field.
found in the field over equally contaminated sedi-
ments. The toxicity test needs to be repeated with
Clark, L., and J.L. Cummings (1995) Chemical
a different experimental design.
hazing of free-ranging ducks in Eagle River Flats:
Field evaluation of ReJex-iTTM WL-05. In Inter-
Bouwkamp, C.A. (1995) Evaluation of white
agency expanded site investigation: Evaluation of
phosphorus effects on the aquatic ecosystem,
white phosphorus contamination and potential treat-
Eagle River Flats, Fort Richardson, Alaska. In In-
ability at Eagle River Flats, Alaska (C.H. Racine and
teragency expanded site investigation: Evaluation of
D. Cate, Ed.). CRREL Contract Report to U.S.
white phosphorus contamination and potential treat-
Army, Alaska, Directorate of Public Works, FY94
ability at Eagle River Flats, Alaska (C.H. Racine and
Final Report, p. 411422.
D. Cate, Ed.). CRREL Contract Report to U.S.
Continued field testing of a chemical water-
Army, Alaska, Directorate of Public Works, FY94
fowl repellent was carried out in ERF during
Final Report, p. 335402.
1994. Because water levels in the ERF were low
The purpose of these studies was 1) to deter-
and decreased during August 1994, waterfowl
mine if WP at ERF is having an adverse impact on
activity was concentrated into a few ponds. These
the aquatic biota or bioaccumulating in the aquat-
conditions were ideal for the proposed chemical
ic food chain and 2) to determine, through a labor-
repellent treatment. Sufficient methyl anthra-
atory invertebrate bioassay, a no-observable-effect
nilate beads were applied to test areas in C Pond
level (NOEL) concentration for WP in sediment.
to provide adequate coverage of the sediment.
Sediments and invertebrates from pond bottoms
The detailed behavioral data suggest that ducks
and gullies were collected at 23 sites in May and 39
readily recognized boundaries of treated areas
sites in August. There is little evidence that the
and entered such areas only as a means of transit
macroinvertebrate populations were affected at
from one untreated site to another. There may be
the highly contaminated sites based on the diver-
a minimum area effect for an effective treatment.
sity, number of species, or number of organisms
A treatment of less than 0.1 ha did not appear to
per unit area. No WP was detected in the inverte-
repel ducks from that area. As the cumulative
brates and stickleback fish living in the ponded
total area of a treatment increased, the number of
areas of ERF except for low levels in three fish
entries into the area decreased. These data are
samples and one invertebrate sample in the fall
suggestive of an overall area repellent effect. We
36
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