to low temperature thermal cycling. In Proceedings
plates have a unique failure mechanism in the
of the International Symposium for Testing and Fail-
ability to delaminate, which is the most favorable
mode of failure for preventing penetration. This
ure Analysis, 610 November. ASM International,
study has attempted to relate this energy to the
Materials Park, Ohio, p. 429435.
micrographic features of the fractures on the
Dutta, P.K., D. Hui and M.R. Altamirano (1991)
delaminated surfaces to the energy level (velocity
Energy absorption of graphite/epoxy plates us-
level). Fracture surfaces from fragments of high
ing Hopkinson bar impact. USA Cold Regions
velocity (high strain rate) impact have shown a
Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Re-
tendency to develop characteristic hackle marks.
port 91-20.
Their developments have been related to the cavity
Florence, A.L. (1969) Interaction of projectiles and
resonance of the matrix between the fibers. Al-
composite armor Part II. Stanford Research Insti-
though qualitative indications point to the exist-
tute, Menlo Park, California, AMMRG-CR-69-15.
ence of these phenomena, a quantitative analysis
Grady, D.E. (1982) Local inertial effects in dynam-
is still lacking.
ic fragmentation. Journal of Applied Physics, 53(1):
322325.
Greszczuk, L.B. (1982) Damage in composite
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
materials due to low velocity impact. In Impact
Altamirano, M.R. (1991) Experimental investiga-
Dynamics (J.A. Zukas et al., Ed.). New York: John
tion of high and low impact energy absorption of
Wiley and Sons, chapter 3, p. 5594.
AS-4/3502 graphite/epoxy panels. M.S.Thesis
Morris, G.E. (1982) Nondestuctive evaluation and
(unpublished), University of New Orleans.
flow criticality for composite materials. ASTM STP
Beranek, L.K. and L. Leo (1982) Acoustics. New
696, (R.B. Pipes, Ed.), p. 274.
York: McGraw Hill.
Purslow, D. (1986) Matrix fractography of fiber
Brown, J.R. and G.T. Egglestone (1989) Ballistic
reinforced epoxy composites. Composites, 17(4):
properties of composite materials for personnel pro-
289303.
tection. Materials Research Laboratory, Victoria,
Richards-Frandsen, R. and Y. Naerheim (1983) Frac-
Australia, MRL-TR-89-6.
ture morphology of graphite/epoxy composites.
Dutta, P.K. and D. Hui (1993) Influence of low tem-
Journal of Composite Materials, 17: 105113.
perature on energy absorption in laminated com-
Shivakumar, K.N., W. Elber and W. Illg (1985) Pre-
posites. In Proceedings of ICCM-9, Madrid.
diction of impact force and duration due to low-
Dutta, P.K. and S. Taylor (1989) A fractographic
velocity impact on circular composite laminates.
analysis of graphite/epoxy composites subjected
ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, 55: 674680.
8
Previous Page
