ture, clouds, and longwave radiation. As such, temperature data alone are
sufficient for estimating total cloud amounts with our statistical model.
These cloud amounts, in turn, facilitate estimating longwave fluxes with
sufficient accuracy for sea ice modeling.
LITERATURE CITED
Aivazyan, S.A., I.S. Enyukov, and L.D. Meshalkin (1983) Applied Statistics: Basis
for Modeling and Preliminary Data Processing (in Russian). Moscow: Finances and
Statistics.
Andreas, E.L (1996) The atmospheric boundary layer over polar marine surfaces.
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New
Hampshire, Monograph 96-2.
Andreas, E.L, and B. Murphy (1986) Bulk transfer coefficients for heat and momen-
tum over leads and polynyas. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 16: 18751883.
Andreas, E.L, K.J. Claffey, A.P. Makshtas, and B.V. Ivanov (1992) Atmospheric
sciences on Ice Station Weddell. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 27(5): 115117.
Barry, R.G. (1984) The nature and significance of cloud-cryosphere interactions in
the marginal snow and ice zones. In Climatic Changes on a Yearly to Millennial Basis,
(N.-A. Mrner and W. Karln, Ed.), p. 605607. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Berliand, M.E. (1956) The Prediction and Regulation of the Heat Condition of the
Atmospheric Surface Layer (in Russian). Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat.
Blanchet, J.-P. (1989) Toward estimation of climatic effects due to Arctic aerosols.
Atmospheric Environment, 23: 26092625.
Brunt, D. (1952) Physical and Dynamical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. London: Cam-
bridge University Press.
Cess, R.D., G.L. Potter, J.P. Blanchet, G.J. Boer, S.J. Ghan, J.T. Kiehl, H. Le Treut,
Z.-X. Li, X.-Z. Liang, J.F.B. Mitchell, J.-J. Morcrette, D.A. Randall, M.R. Riches,
E. Roeckner, U. Schlese, A. Slingo, K.E. Taylor, W .M. Washington, R.T.
Wetherald, and I. Yagai (1989) Interpretation of cloud-climate feedback as pro-
duced by 14 atmospheric general circulation models. Science, 245: 513516.
Claffey, K.J., E.L Andreas, A.P. Makshtas, and B.V. Ivanov (1995) In situ measure-
ments of the surface temperature in the western Weddell Sea. Preprints, 4th Con-
ference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Bos-
ton, p. 8690.
Curry, J.A., and E.E. Ebert (1990) Sensitivity of the thickness of Arctic sea ice to
the optical properties of clouds. Annals of Glaciology, 14: 4346.
Ocean: Sensitivity to cloud optical properties. Journal of Climate, 5: 12671280.
Dmitriev, A.A. (1994) The Variability of the Atmospheric Processes in the Arctic and Its
Application in Long-Time Forecasts (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat.
Doronin, Yu.P., and D.E. Kheisin (1975) Sea Ice (in Russian). Leningrad:
Gidrometeoizdat. English translation available as Doronin, Yu.P. and D.E. Kheisin
(1977) Sea Ice. New Delhi: Amerind Publishing Co.
Ebert, E.E., and J.A. Curry, (1993) An intermediate one-dimensional thermody-
namic sea ice model for investigating ice-atmosphere interactions. Journal of Geo-
physical Research, 98: 10,08510,109.
Geiger, R. (1965) The Climate Near the Ground. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Uni-
versity Press.
25
Previous Page
