Table 3. Summary of modeling tasks and appro-

of refrigerated sheets and uniform consistency

priate model ice materials.

and thickness of nonrefrigerated ice materials.

Placement of particulate model ice materials, like

Modeling task or

Suitable model ice

beads, may result in nonuniform thickness or

property

material choices

porosity. Nonuniform material properties may

Water velocity profiles

RS, BR, PB, (RIN, RIFG,

result in cover failure at weak points, overestima-

NRS)1

tion of thickness, improper piece size, and so

Ice movement

BR, PB, (RIN, RIFG,

NRS)2

forth. Careful sampling prior to testing should be

PB, (RIN, RIFG, NRS)3

Iceshore interaction

carried out to ensure uniformity.

Ice thickness

RS, BR, PB, RIN, RIFG,

NRS4

PB, (RIN, RIFG, NRS)5

Ice jam thickness

SUMMARY

PB, (RIN, RIFG, NRS)5

Ice jam evolution and movement

Table 3 was prepared to aid in selection of

Ice sheet deflection

RIN, RIFG, NRS

Ice cover breakup

RIN, RIFG, NRS

model ice. It suggests choices of model ice materi-

Ice breaking

RIN, RIFG, NRS

al to suit the primary process to be modeled. For

Icestructure interaction

RIN, RIFG, NRS

example, if only the shear stress or drag of the un-

RS

Rigid sheet (plywood, Styrofoam, etc.)

derside of an ice cover is of interest, then almost

BR

Blocks and random shapes (wood, plastic, wax, etc.)

any model ice material could be used. For most

PB

Plastic beads and other particulates

applications, unbreakable sheets of buoyant ma-

RIN

Refrigerated ice (freshwater, urea-doped, saline-

doped)

terial (e.g., plywood or Styrofoam) with addi-

RIFG

Fine-grained refrigerated ice (FGX, EG/AD/S, etc.)

tional roughness are the easiest to use in terms of

NRS

Nonrefrigerated sheet mixtures

cost and handling during experimentation. If the

1

Flowing water beneath the sheet may change rough-

process involves shoving and thickening of an

ness characteristics with time

2

Assumes that sheet has been broken into pieces

evolving ice jam, material choices become more

3

Assumes movement along shore and sufficiently

constrained. Other factors, such as availability of

broken pieces

refrigerated space, material handling require-

4

Generally controlled by scaling factor

ments, and cost must also be considered in the

5

Assumes sheet has been broken into sufficiently

sized pieces

final determination of which material to use.

Table 4. Ice strength properties of model ice materials.

Static

Flexural

Elastic

Compressive

Shear

coeff. of

Model ice

strength

modulus

strength

strength

Specific