Form Approved
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
OMB No. 0704-0188
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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)
2. REPORT DATE
3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
September 1995
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. FUNDING NUMBERS
Efficiency of Steam and Hot Water Heat Distribution Systems
PE: 6.27.84A
PR: 4A762784AT42
TA: CO
6. AUTHORS
WU: M06
Gary Phetteplace
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
72 Lyme Road
CRREL Report 95-18
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1290
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
10. SPONSORING/MONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
Office of the Chief of Engineers
Washington, D.C. 20314-1000
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Available from NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)
This report will provide some general guidance on the selection of distribution medium (steam or hot water) and
temperature for heat distribution systems. The report discusses the efficiency of both steam and hot water heat distri-
bution systems in more detail. The results of several field studies using data from boiler plant logs and measured heat
losses are given. For steam, an efficiency analysis for the steam heat distribution system at Hawthorne Army Ammu-
nition Plant is summarized. This analysis is based on the limited data available from the boiler logs maintained at the
central plant. From this information, along with energy and mass balances that are constructed from the central plant
data, gross measures of efficiency are obtained. The results of the analysis show that only 43.5% of the steam input to
the distribution system is used to meet the required space heating load. The results also indicate that on average only
46.2% of the steam that leaves the plant returns as condensate. By converting this steam distribution system to a low
temperature hot water heat distribution system, savings would exceed 2,000 for the 181-day study period, which
represents a typical heating season. For hot water based systems this report describes two field projects underway at
U.S. Army bases. At Fort Jackson, South Carolina, a medium-temperature hot water heat distribution system has
been monitored. Three different types of system construction have been instrumented: pipes enclosed in a shallow
concrete trench, steel conduit with supply and return pipes in common conduit, and separate steel conduits for
supply and return pipes. At Ft. Irwin, California, a low-temperature hot water system has been monitored. Two sites
have been instrumented on this direct buried system that consists of steel carrier pipes insulated with polyurethane
foam protected by a fiberglass jacket. The data provide a clear illustration of the much lower heat losses from the low
temperature water systems.
14. SUBJECT TERMS
15. NUMBER OF PAGES
32
Efficiency analysis
Hot water heat distribution systems
16. PRICE CODE
Heat distribution systems
Steam heat distribution systems
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
OF REPORT
OF THIS PAGE
OF ABSTRACT
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UL
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
NSN 7540-01-280-5500
Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18
298-102
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