20
ERDC/CRREL TR-02-14
Y
Y
i
Y
i
o
S
S
S
o
o
io
a. Initial open water
b. Flow deepened by
c. Increased depth
flow
an ice cover for the
and reduced average
same flow rate.
velocity; that is, a
reduced slope (or
energy gradient, Sio).
Figure 10. Effect of an ice cover on flow depth and velocity.
1.3
Thalweg Sinuosity
1.2
1.1
Channel Sinuosity
1.0
Sinuous-
Braided
Meandering Channel
Braided
Straight
Channel
0
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.020
Slope, SO (%)
Figure 11. Variation of channel and thalweg sinuosity, ζ, with
channel slope, So. (After Schumm and Khan 1972.)
Previous Page
