3.
Platens used for compressive strength tests in this study ......................................
4
4.
Instron Universal Testing Instrument used for compressive strength tests ...........
5
5.
Uniaxial compressive strength of all samples, showing that there is no
convincing evidence of the effect of storage time or temperature on the
strength of the material .........................................................................................
6
6.
Relationship between grain size and unconfined compressive
strength of ice at 10C and strain rate of 103 s1 ................................................
6
7.
Mitering jig used for cutting disks for flexural strength testing ...........................
6
8.
CRREL snow load frame used for flexural strength testing .................................
7
Density in kg/m3 of snow compacted at different pressures .................................
9.
8
10.
Snow mound enclosing the stack of 12 sample bricks used to study the effect
of a thermal gradient on CFG ice .........................................................................
9
11.
Temperature profile showing the temperature variation over two weeks at six
levels in the stack of sample bricks ......................................................................
9
12.
Cut face of the stack of sample bricks at the end of the test .................................
9
13.
Horizontal section of the interface between the CFG ice of the bottom brick
and the surrounding snow ice in which it was embedded ....................................
10
14.
Typical sample of CFG ice showing equiaxed crystals and small, uniformly
distributed bubbles ................................................................................................
10
15.
Grain size distribution of CFG ice ........................................................................
11
16.
Microstructure of snow at various stages of compaction ......................................
12
TABLES
Table
1. Grain size distribution of natural snow used in this study beforeand after
processing with a mixer ....................................................................................... 2
2. Unconfined compressive strength of CFG ice and natural ice used in this
study ..................................................................................................................... 6
3. Adjusted flexural strength of CFG ice and natural ice used in this study ............. 7
4. Comparison of the flexural strength of ice under different conditions ................. 8
5. Compressive strength of CFG ice held in a thermal gradient ............................... 11
iv
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