Figure B2. Specimen at the end of compaction.
tests below freezing, the specimens were frozen with a small vacuum on the sample.
Once frozen, the vacuum was released. At above-freezing temperatures, the speci-
men was transferred to the MTS with a small vacuum on it.
The specimen was instrumented for measuring axial and radial deformations.
The axial deformation in the middle third of the test specimen was monitored us-
ing two linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs). The middle third mea-
surement position was chosen to reduce the effect of the nonuniform stresses at the
boundary of the specimen and the end caps. The LVDTs are mounted on two spring-
loaded circumferential rings on the specimen (Fig. B3). This is different from the
Figure B3. Instrumentation on test
LVDT
specimens showing LVDTs and
multi-VITs.
VIT
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