Form Approved
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
OMB No. 0704-0188
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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)
2. REPORT DATE
3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
January 1999
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. FUNDING NUMBERS
Effect of Dissolved NaCl on Freezing Curves of
WU: F02
Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, and Sand Pastes
DE-AI05-940R22141
4A161102AT24
6. AUTHORS
S.A. Grant, G.E. Boitnott, and A.R. Tice
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER
Special Report 99-2
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
72 Lyme Road
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
10. SPONSORING/MONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
Office of the Chief of Engineers
Strategic Environmental Research and
Washington, DC 20314-1000
Development Program
Arlington, Virginia 22203
Department of Energy
Washington, DC 20585
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Available from NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)
We developed a chemical-thermodynamic procedure for calculating the capillary pressures of aqueous NaCl
solutions in a porous medium at temperatures below 0C by extending the treatment by Brun et al. (1977). Ice in
the porous medium was assumed to be a pure phase with thermophysical properties identical to bulk hexagonal
ice. The thermophysical properties (and the attendant derivative and integral properties) of the electrolyte solu-
tions were calculated with the Pitzer model as parameterized by Archer (1992).
Experiments were conducted to test this procedure. Pastes of kaolinite clay, montmorillonite, and quartz sand
were prepared by washing repeatedly with aqueous solutions of 0.1-, 0.01-, and 0.001-mol kg1 NaCl. The molar
unfrozen water contents of these pastes were measured by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the tem-
perature range 0.14C to 66.6C.
The relationships between ice-solution capillary pressures and specific solution volumes for frozen pastes of
each mineral were plotted for all initial solution molalities. While some systemic errors were evident, these plots
indicated that the capillary pressure-volume relationships were consistent for pastes of the three minerals and, as
expected from theory, unaffected by initial equilibrating solution molality.
14. SUBJECT TERMS
15. NUMBER OF PAGES
Frozen ground
39
Sodium chloride
16. PRICE CODE
Soil freezing curve
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
OF REPORT
OF THIS PAGE
OF ABSTRACT
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UL
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
NSN 7540-01-280-5500
Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18
298-102
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