Form Approved
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
OMB No. 0704-0188
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and
maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,
including suggestion for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington,
VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.
1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)
2. REPORT DATE
3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
December 1997
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. FUNDING NUMBERS
Frost Resistance of Cover and Liner Materials for
Landfills and Hazardous Waste Sites
6. AUTHORS
Edwin J. Chamberlain, Allan E. Erickson, and Craig H. Benson
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
72 Lyme Road
Special Report 97-29
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1290
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
10. SPONSORING/MONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
Office of the Chief of Engineers
Washington, D.C. 20314-1000
For conversion of SI units to non-SI units of measurement consult Standard Practice for Use of the
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
International System of Units (SI), ASTM Standard E380-93, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials,
1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.
12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Available from NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)
The common method of preventing the contamination of groundwater by landfills and hazardous waste is to
encapsulate the waste material in a compacted clay liner and cover system. The frost resistance of compacted
clay in landfills has been the subject of controversy for many years. Laboratory studies have frequently shown
that freezing and thawing significantly increase the hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay soils. However,
there has not been any corroborating field evidence. This study more closely examines this problem, and identi-
fies cover and liner materials that would be frost resistant to increase construction productivity and save costs
under a CPAR (Construction Productivity Advancement Research) cooperative agreement between CRREL and
five private companies. The effects of freezing and thawing on the hydraulic conductivity of two compacted
natural clay soils, one compacted sandbentonite mixture, and three geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) were exam-
ined. Both field and laboratory tests were performed on these materials. The field test site consisted of five test
pads (four of clay and one of sandbentonite), and nine test pans containing three different GCLs. Results
showed that freezethaw caused large increases (greater than 1000) in hydraulic conductivity in compacted
natural clay, but little measurable change in hydraulic conductivity of the GCLs or the sandbentonite mixture.
GCLs and sandbentonite mixtures are suitable frost resistant substitutes for compacted clay soils. Considerable
cost savings can result if compacted clay soils are replaced with GCLs or sandbentonite mixtures.
14. SUBJECT TERMS
15. NUMBER OF PAGES
Bentonite
Landfills
30
CPAR
Hydraulic conductivity
16. PRICE CODE
Geosynthetic clay liners
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
OF REPORT
OF THIS PAGE
OF ABSTRACT
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UL
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
NSN 7540-01-280-5500
Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18
298-102
Previous Page
