Future refinement of the model, and development
locations for either controlling ice or monitoring
of a separate model for each site, should be possi-
ice. More detailed studies would be required at
ble with additional data collected as part of the
individual sites to determine the appropriateness
ice-data-collection program.
of specific structural measures. As mentioned in
Meetings with local citizens often yielded good
the previous paragraph, the information collect-
information on ice events but also some common-
ed by the ice report will provide much valuable
ly mentioned themes. Many said there was not
information on ice processes and characteristics,
enough communication between state agencies,
which are presently very sketchy. Nonstructural
civil defense, local governments and the general
measures, such as monitoring, would not require
public. Many also expressed an interest in volun-
detailed study to implement, although some co-
teering to help make ice observations--many more
ordination efforts may be needed. A recommend-
than were needed. A number of people said they
ed future study would be to evaluate the impact,
were unfamiliar with or unaware of emergency
if any, of the operation of the Loup Power Canal
procedures, didn't know who has the authority to
on ice conditions downstream.
declare an emergency, and didn't know who has
authority and assumes liability during an emer-
LITERATURE CITED
gency. The Nebraska Disaster and Civil Defense
Act (App. C) describes the role and responsibility of
the State and its political subdivisions in dealing
ice cover. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 17:
with disaster emergencies, among other matters.
173183.
Local governments are the first agencies re-
Bolsenga, S.J. (1968) River ice jams: A literature
sponsible for dealing with disasters. Advance
review. Lake Survey District, Corps of Engineers,
planning for disasters by county, city and other
Research Report 5-5.
local governments, and coordination of this plan-
Cavan, B.P. (1969) A literature review of dusting
ning between various governments, is important
technology in deicing. Lake Survey District, Corps
for dealing with disasters when they begin, not
of Engineers, Research Report 5-7.
after they have reached great proportions. Ap-
Deugo, D. (1973) Ice control on the Rideau River,
pendix D contains a legal opinion drafted by the
Ottawa. National Research Council, Canada, As-
State indicating that both the State and its politi-
sociate Committee on Geotechnical Research Tech-
cal subdivisions are essentially protected from li-
nical Memorandum No. 107, p. 155157.
ability if emergency measures are in accordance
with the Nebraska Disaster and Civil Defense Act
Report. Federal Emergency Management Agency,
and an emergency has been declared.
Region VII Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team
The Nebraska Ice Report will be an ongoing
Report.
effort and should be maintained for use in future
Galbraith, P.W . (1981) On estimating the likeli-
studies, as well as being able to provide "real-
hood of ice jams on the Saint John River using
time" warnings of conditions upstream. The ob-
meteorological parameters. In Proceedings, 5th Ca-
servations recorded on the data collection forms
nadian Hydrotechnical Conference, May 2627, 1981,
will be reported to and stored in the ice database
Fredericton, New Brunswick, p. 219237.
to be maintained by the Nebraska Natural Re-
Haynes, F.D., R.B. Haehnel and C.H. Clark
sources Commission. The information collected
(1994) Weakening ice by dusting with leaves.
on the ice report will be able to be used to refine
USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering
the predictive model sometime in the future, per-
Laboratory, Ice Engineering Information Ex-
haps leading to the development of models for
change Bulletin, No. 7.
each individual site, rather than a generalized
Konovalov, I.M. and M.V. Miasnikov (1956) Uti-
model. Future studies will be able to utilize the
lizing solar radiation for increasing the naviga-
additional information collected by the ice report.
tion period. Rechnoi Transport, January 1956, 15(1):
Perhaps more importantly the information con-
1318 (text in Russian). Translation by U.S. Lake
tained in the database will be able to be called up
Survey, Detroit, 1967.
by various entities to check on ice conditions up-
stream that may impact conditions downstream.
floods in the United States, Part 6-B: Missouri River
The section of this report on specific mitiga-
basin below Sioux City, Iowa. USGS Water-Sup-
tion options contains recommendations for spe-
ply Paper 1680.
cific measures that could be utilized at individual
54
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