gions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Tech-
mance of a frost-tube for the determination of
nical Report 150 (unpublished).
soil freezing and thawing depths. Soil Science,
Linell, K.A. and J.C.F. Tedrow (1981) Soil and
113(2): 149154.
Permafrost Surveys in the Arctic. Oxford, England:
Slavin, E.J. (1977) Processes and mechanism of
Clarendon Press.
stream bank failures along Brown's River, Ver-
McRoberts, E.C. (1978) Slope stability in cold re-
mont. M.S. thesis in Geology, University of Ver-
gions. In Geotechnical Engineering for Cold Regions
mont, Burlington, Vermont.
(O.B. Andersland and D.M. Anderson, Ed.), Chap-
Sterrett, R.J. (1980) Factors and mechanics of bluff
ter 7, p. 363404. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
erosion on Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines.
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madi-
Mostaghimi, S., R.A. Young, A.R. Wilts and A.L.
Kenimer (1988) Effects of frost action on soil ag-
son, Madison, Wisconsin.
gregate stability. Transactions of the American Soci-
Thorne, C.R. (1978) Processes of bank erosion in
ety of Agricultural Engineers, 31(2): 435439.
river channels. Ph.D. thesis, University of East
Nixon, J.F. and B. Ladanyi (1978) Thaw consoli-
Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
dation. Chapter 4 In Geotechnical Engineering for
Thorne, C.R. (1982) Processes and mechanisms of
Cold Regions (O.B. Andersland and D.M. Ander-
river bank erosion. In Gravel-bed Rivers (R.D. Hey,
son, Ed.), Chapter 4, p. 164215. New York: Mc-
J.C. Bathurst and C.R. Thorne, Ed.), p. 227259.
Graw-Hill Book Co.
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Ogata, N., T. Kataoka and A. Komiya (1985) Ef-
Thorne, C.R. and J. Lewin (1979) Bank processes,
fect of freezingthawing on the mechanical prop-
bed material movement and planform develop-
erties of soil. In Proceedings of the 4th International
ment in a meandering river. In Adjustments of the
Symposium on Ground Freezing, 57 August 1985,
Fluvial System (D.D. Rhodes and G.P. Williams,
Sapporo, Japan (S. Kinosita and M. Fukuda, Ed.),
Ed.), p. 117137. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendal/Hunt
p. 201207. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema
Publishing Co.
Publishers.
Vallejo, L.E. (1977) Mechanics of the stability and
Othman, M.A. and C.H. Benson (1993) Effect of
development of the Great Lakes coastal bluffs.
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madi-
morphology of compacted clay. Canadian Geotech-
son, Madison, Wisconsin.
nical Journal, 30: 236246.
Vallejo, L.E. (1990) Bluff retreat by frost action in
Reid, J.R. (1984) Shoreline erosion processes, Orwell
the Great Lakes. In 33rd Annual Meeting Technical
Lake, Minnesota. USA Cold Regions Research and
Program Abstracts, Association of Engineering Geolo-
Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 84-32.
gists, 15 October 1990, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
Reid, J.R. (1985) Bank-erosion processes in a
p. 5051.
cool-temperate environment, Orwell Lake,
Van Klaveren, R.W . (1987) Hydraulic erosion re-
Minnesota. Geological Society of America Bulletin,
sistance of thawing soil. Ph.D. dissertation, De-
96(6): 781792.
partment of Agricultural Engineering, Washing-
Reid, J.R. (1992) Bank recession causes, measure-
ton State University, Pullman, Washington.
ment techniques, rates and predictions, Lake
Vitel, Inc. (1994) Hydra soil moisture probe user's
Sakakawea, North Dakota. Missouri River Divi-
manual, version 1.2. Chantilly, Virginia.
sion Sediment Series No. 38, Omaha, Nebraska.
Reid, J.R. and W .G. Dorough (1989) Inland coastal
of a cohesive river bank. American Journal of Sci-
erosion processes, Lake Sakakawea, North Da-
ence, 257: 204216.
kota. In Proceedings, 6th Symposium on Coastal and
Yong, R.N., P. Boonsinsuk and C.W.P. Yin (1985)
Ocean Management, ASCE, Charleston, South Caro-
Alteration of soil behaviour after cyclic freezing
lina, p. 44604470.
and thawing. In Proceedings of the 4th International
Reid, J.R., B.S. Sandberg and M.D. Millsop (1988)
Symposium on Ground Freezing, 57 August 1985,
Bank recession processes, rates and prediction,
Sapporo, Japan (S. Kinosita and M. Fukuda, Ed.), p.
Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota. U.S.A. Geomor-
187195. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema
phology, 1: 161189.
Publishers.
Rickard, W . and J. Brown (1972) The perfor-
17