soil instability along a bank due to freezing and
7) an evaluation of frost blockage of ground-
thawing, hydrophobic substances that would keep
water seepage from a thawed bank face.
soil water from migrating to the freezing zone
could conceivably reduce FTC-induced bank erod-
LITERATURE CITED
ibility and instability. However, I am not familiar
with the use of such substances and can say no
Aitken, G.W . and R.L. Berg (1968) Digital solu-
more about them.
tion of modified Berggren equation to calculate
depths of freeze or thaw in multilayered systems.
USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering
CONCLUSIONS
Laboratory, Special Report 122.
Numerous studies have reported the results of
Alestalo, J. and J. Haikio (1979) Forms created by
bank soil weakening along rivers and lakes due
the thermal movement of lake ice in Finland in
to FTC, and many studies have documented the
winter 19721973. Fennia, 157(2): 5192.
effects of freezing and thawing on soil strength
Andersland, O.B. and D.M. Anderson (1978)
and stability. The frost susceptibility of bank soils
Geotechnical Engineering for Cold Regions. New York:
and climatic and soil water conditions determine
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
the degree to which this weakening occurs.
Anderson, D.M., R. Pusch and E. Penner (1978)
Through this review I have proposed explanations
Physical and thermal properties of frozen ground.
for some of the significant effects of these FTC-
In Geotechnical Engineering for Cold Regions (O.B.
induced changes on bank soils.
Andersland and D.M. Anderson, Ed.), Chapter 2,
To be of any value in northern climes, methods
p. 37102. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
to predict annual bank erosion must adequately
Aoyama, K., S. Ogawa and M. Fukuda (1985)
account for the seasonal variations in soil strength
Temperature dependencies of mechanical proper-
due to soil freezing and thawing processes. Bank
ties of soils subjected to freezing and thawing. In
soil structure, cohesion, angle of internal friction
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on
and unit weight, all of which vary seasonally due
Ground Freezing, 57 August 1985, Sapporo, Japan
to frost effects, are often used to derive bank soil
(S. Kinosita and M. Fukuda, Ed.), p. 217222. Rot-
erodibility coefficients in bank migration and ero-
terdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema Publishers.
sion prediction models. However, as currently con-
Atkins, R.T. (1979) Determination of frost pen-
figured, these models often do not seasonally ad-
etration by soil resistivity measurements. USA
just these coefficients to account for soil weakening
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Labora-
effects of ground frost.
tory, CRREL Report 79-22.
Research that needs to be done includes
Atkins, R.T. (1989) Determination of frost pen-
1) a comparative analysis of the amount of
etration by soil resistivity measurements. In Pro-
frost heave that occurs along a bank face to
ceedings, State of the Art of Pavement Response Moni-
determine if more heave results near the
toring Systems for Roads and Airfields (V. Janoo and
water line where a ready source of water is
R. Eaton, Ed.), p. 87100. USA Cold Regions Re-
available;
search and Engineering Laboratory, Special Re-
2) development of seasonally adjusted erod-
port 89-23.
ibility coefficients from field data analyses;
3) model testing of such coefficients;
bly and installation techniques. USA Cold Re-
4) analysis of the importance of post-thaw,
gions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Tech-
bank soil failures as sources of sediment to
nical Note (unpublished).
the bank toe area, and thus as a source of
Benoit, G.R. and W .B. Voorhees (1990) Effect of
sediment available for river transport;
freezethaw activity on water retention, hydrau-
5) evaluation of the effects of fluctuating
lic conductivity, density and surface strength of
water levels on the groundwater table in
two soils frozen at high water content. USA Cold
banks;
Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory,
6) determination of the special effects of the
Special Report 90-1.
bank slope and aspect on thermal condi-
Bredyuk, G.P. and G.D. Mikhaylov (1970) Effect
tions, which could cause bank soils to freeze
of cryogenic processes on the strength of ground
late in the fall, not freeze as deeply during
and the stability of embankments during thaw-
the winter and thaw earlier in the spring;
ing. Komitet Po Zemlyanomu Polotnu, 9: 135142
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