related contaminants.
Previous fate and transport studies
Important processes affecting environmental fate and transport of explosives
include dissolution rate and soil adsorption and desorption. Studies to define
dissolution of explosives have been confined to individual explosives compounds
(Taylor and Rinkenbach 1923; Verschueren 1983; Spanggord et al. 1983; Hale,
Stanford, and Taft 1979; Ro et al. 1996). These studies have limited applicability
for dissolution of explosives residues on ranges because explosives are typically
formulated with binders, waxes, stabilizer, and other compounds when they are
added to munitions. Dissolution of these formulations is likely to proceed more
slowly than anticipated on the basis of solubility of pure compound. Extensive
studies have been conducted on these processes as listed in the following
tabulation:
Fate and Transport Process
Study
Soil adsorption and desorption
Haderlein, Weissmahr, and Schwarzenbach 1996
Pennington and Patrick 1990
Ainsworth et al. 1993
Xue, Iskandar, and Selim 1995
Comfort et al. 1995
Leggett 1985
Selim and Iskandar 1994
Myers et al. 1998
Price, Brannon, and Yost 1998
Brannon, Price, and Hayes 1997
Transformation
McCormick, Feeherry, and Levinson 1976
Kaplan and Kaplan 1982
Townsend, Myers, and Adrian 1995
Price, Brannon, and Hayes 1997
Comfort et al. 1995
Selim, Xue, and Iskandar 1995
Xue, Iskandar, and Selim 1995
Haderlein, Weissmahr, and Schwarzenbach 1996
Myers et al. 1998
Riefler and Smets 2000
Degradation
McCormick, Feeherry, and Levinson 1976
McCormick, Cornell, and Kaplan 1981, 1985
Lewis et al. 1996
Funk et al. 1993
Crawford 1995
Pennington et al. 2001
Regan and Crawford 1994
Coleman, Nelson, and Duxbury 1998
Kaplan 1993
Hawari et al. 2000
Spanggord et al. 1983
Chemical reactions with soil components
Kaplan and Kaplan 1982
Caton et al. 1994
Pennington et al. 1995a, 1997, 1998
Thorne and Leggett 1997
Thorn 1997
Haderlein, Weissmahr, and Schwarzenbach 1996
3
Chapter 1 Introduction
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