Form Approved
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
OMB No. 0704-0188
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this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302.
Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid
OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS.
1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)
3. DATES COVERED (From - To)
2. REPORT TYPE
November 1999
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
5b. GRANT NUMBER
Enhanced Natural Remediation of White-Phosphorus-Contaminated
Wetlands through Controlled Pond Draining
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S)
5d. PROJECT NUMBER
Michael R. Walsh, Marianne E. Walsh, and Charles M. Collins
5e. TASK NUMBER
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT
NUMBER
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
72 Lyme Road
CRREL Report 99-10
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1290
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
10. SPONSOR / MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)
U.S. Army Environmental Center
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5401
11. SPONSOR / MONITOR'S REPORT
NUMBER(S)
U.S. Army, Alaska
Fort Richardson, Alaska 99505
12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Available from NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
14. ABSTRACT
Detonation of projectiles containing white phosphorus, a smoke-producing munition, contaminated Eagle River Flats (ERF),
a salt marsh located on Fort Richardson, Alaska. Ingestion of the highly toxic white phosphorus residues by dabbling ducks
and swans resulted in significant waterfowl mortality, leading to the suspension of Army training with white phosphorus in
wetlands and designation of Eagle River Flats as a Superfund site. The permanent ponds at ERF are ideal for long-term
storage of the millimeter-size particles of white phosphorus ejected from detonated mortar and howitzer shells. With the goal
of reducing waterfowl mortality, several treatment methods have been tested, the most promising of which is in-situ remedi-
ation by temporary removal of water from permanent ponds. A developmental, semiautonomous pumping system was fielded
in 1997. Methods for fielding, placement, and operation of several pumping systems were developed and demonstrated in
1998. The controls were refined to optimize operations, and features added to reduce fuel consumption. Performance has
continued to be refined, and results from the first two years of remediation indicate that the remediation method is highly
effective.
15. SUBJECT TERMS
P4
White phosphorus
Alaska
Dabbling waterfowl
Remediation
Pumping systems
Eagle River Flats Natural differentiation
Unexploded ordnance
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:
17. LIMITATION OF
18. NUMBER
19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON
OF ABSTRACT
OF PAGES
19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code)
a. REPORT
b. ABSTRACT
c. THIS PAGE
Unclassified
Unclassified
Unclassified
UL
28
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)
Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239.18
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