Marine Ice Atlas for Cook Inlet Alaska
CONTENTS - TR-01-100005
ILLUSTRATIONS - TR-01-100006
TABLES - TR-01-100007
ABBREVIATIONS - TR-01-100008
INTRODUCTION - TR-01-100009
COOK INLET PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
Figure 1. Cook Inlet and relief map of surrounding region.
Figure 2. Place names of the Head Region of Cook Inlet.
Upper Cook Inlet
Figure 5. Place names of Lower Cook Inlet.
Figure 6. Brash ice clogging Homer's small boat harbor to an unusual extent. (Photo by Orson Smith.)
COOK INLET MARINE ICE
Figure 8. Relationship between the thickness of young sea ice, accumulated freezing degree-days, and snow cover thickness, hs. (After Untersteiner 1986.)
Table 1. Vessel and structure damage in Cook Inlet caused by floating ice. (After USCG 1991.)
Shorefast ice
Table 2. Dates of river ice break-up and freeze-up. (After NOS 1994, p. T-21.)
Degree-days
Table 3. Dates of first significant ice and ice-out for northern Cook Inlet (defined as 10% ice concentration at the Phillips Platform)
Figure 10. Dates of significant ice formation at the Phillips Platform with respect to freezing degree-days (assuming a base temperature of 3.9C).
Theoretical ice growth and melt
Cook Inlet marine ice data
Table 6. Accumulated freezing and thawing degree-days at Anchorage, Alaska, and calculated sea ice growth and melt in Cook Inlet
Figure 11. Mean monthly freezing and thawing degree-days for 19741997 assuming base temperatures of 0 and 1.8C, respectively, for four locations on Cook Inlet.
Figure 12. Seasonal variation of freezing and thawing degree-days for 1974 1997 for four locations on Cook Inlet
Cook Inlet marine ice data - continued
Figure 14. Radarsat-1 SAR imagery showing the Forelands area of Cook Inlet at near low tide on December 30, 1998
Figure 15. Example of a sea ice analysis chart issued by the Alaska Region Headquarters of the National Weather Service
EXPECTED ICE CONDITIONS
Map Set 1. Mean ice concentration and stage of development for Cook Inlet for the specified time period (December through March).
1 - 15 December Mean Ice Conditions
16 - 31 December Mean Ice conditions
1 -15 January Mean Ice Conditions
16 - 31 January Mean Ice Conditions
1 - 15 February Mean Ice Conditions
16 - 28/29 February Mean Ice Conditions
1 - 15 March Mean Ice Conditions
16 - 31 March MEan Ice Conditions
Map Set 2. Probability of occurrence for ice of any stage of development and ice of any concentration for Cook Inlet (December through March).
1 - 15 december Probability of Occurence for any ice
16 - 31 December Probability of Occurence for any ice
1 - 15 January Probability of Occurence for any ice
16 - 31 January Probability of Occurence for any ice
1 - 15 February Probability of Occurence for any ice
16 - 28/29 February Probability of Occurence for any ice
1 - 15 March Probability of Occurence for any ice
16 - 31 March Probability of Occurence for any ice
Map Set 3. Probability of occurrence for ice of any stage of development and ice of at least 5/10ths concentration for Cook Inlet (December through March).
1 - 15 December Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
16 - 31 December Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
1- 15 January Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
16 - 31 January Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
1 - 15 February Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
16 - 28/29 February Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
1 - 15 March Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
'TR 23 pages' by Donna Valliere - Page 1 of 147
OCEANOGRAPHY
Figure 17. Tidal mudflats in Upper Cook Inlet and the Head Region. (After Raney 1993.)
Figure 18. General surface circulation pattern in Cook Inlet. (After USACE 1993.)
Figure 19. Summer surface circulation pattern in Lower Cook Inlet as proposed by Muench et al. (1978)
Figure 20. Tidal ranges at various locations around Cook Inlet
Currents and tides
CLIMATOLOGY
Figure 21. Alaska's climatic zones. (After AEIDC 1974.)
Station climatologies
Figure 22. Weather summary for Anchorage International Airport
Figure 23. Average percent possible sunshine at Anchorage Inter- national Airport from 1955 to 1993. (After ACRC 1997a.
Kenai Municipal Airport
Figure 24. Weather summary for Kenai Municipal Airport. The POR is January 1973 to December 1997 except as follows: precipitation (19611990) (NCEP 2000), days with measurable precipitation (0.025 cm or more) (19671996), clear days (19731999), and snow- fall and snow depth (19531999). The precipitation range is the middle 33% of the data forthe 30-year POR; the data points are median values.
Homer Municipal Airport
Figure 25. Weather summary for Homer Municipal Airport
Kodiak Airport
Figure 26. Weather summary for Kodiak Municipal Airport
Figure 27. Median monthly precipitation from 1961 to 1990 for four Cook Inlet locations (NCEP 2000).
Duration of daylight
Table 9. Local times of sunrise and sunset at Kenai, Alaska, for the year 2000
Table 9. Local times of sunrise and sunset at Kenai, Alaska, for the year 2000 - continued
LITERATURE CITED - TR-01-100081
LITERATURE CITED - continued - TR-01-100082
LITERATURE CITED - continued - TR-01-100083
APPENDIX A: SEA ICE NOMENCLATURE, ARRANGED BY SUBJECT
APPENDIX A: SEA ICE NOMENCLATURE, ARRANGED BY SUBJECT - continued - TR-01-100085
APPENDIX A: SEA ICE NOMENCLATURE, ARRANGED BY SUBJECT - continued - TR-01-100086
DEFORMATION PROCESSES
OPENINGS IN THE ICE
ICE OF LAND ORIGIN
TERMS RELATING TO SURFACE SHIPPING
TERMS RELATING TO SUBMARINE NAVIGATION
APPENDIX B: EXAMPLE OF A COOK INLET ICE COVER ANALYSIS ISSUED BY THE NATIONAL ICE CENTER (NIC) IN SUITLAND, MARYLAND
Total concentration
Forms of sea ice
APPENDIX C: PROCEDURE USED TO CREATE THE COMPOSITE COOK INLET ICE CHARTS
APPENDIX C: PROCEDURE USED TO CREATE THE COMPOSITE COOK INLET ICE CHARTS - continued - TR-01-100096
APPENDIX C: PROCEDURE USED TO CREATE THE COMPOSITE COOK INLET ICE CHARTS - continued - TR-01-100097
Figure C1. Cook Inlet Ice GIS Analysis Process
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100100
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100101
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100102
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100103
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100104
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100105
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100106
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100107
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100108
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100109
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100110
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100111
APPENDIX E: WIND
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100113
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100114
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100115
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100116
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100117
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100118
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100119
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100120
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100121
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100122
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100123
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100124
APPENDIX F: WIND CHILL
Table F1. Equivalent wind chill temperature.
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100128
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100129
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100130
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100131
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100132
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100133
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100134
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100135
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100136
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100137
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100138
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100139
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100141
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100142
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100143
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100144
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100145
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100146
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE - TR-01-100147
TR-01-10
CONTENTS - TR-01-100005
ILLUSTRATIONS - TR-01-100006
TABLES - TR-01-100007
ABBREVIATIONS - TR-01-100008
INTRODUCTION - TR-01-100009
COOK INLET PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
Figure 1. Cook Inlet and relief map of surrounding region.
Figure 2. Place names of the Head Region of Cook Inlet.
Upper Cook Inlet
Figure 5. Place names of Lower Cook Inlet.
Figure 6. Brash ice clogging Homer's small boat harbor to an unusual extent. (Photo by Orson Smith.)
COOK INLET MARINE ICE
Figure 8. Relationship between the thickness of young sea ice, accumulated freezing degree-days, and snow cover thickness, hs. (After Untersteiner 1986.)
Table 1. Vessel and structure damage in Cook Inlet caused by floating ice. (After USCG 1991.)
Shorefast ice
Table 2. Dates of river ice break-up and freeze-up. (After NOS 1994, p. T-21.)
Degree-days
Table 3. Dates of first significant ice and ice-out for northern Cook Inlet (defined as 10% ice concentration at the Phillips Platform)
Figure 10. Dates of significant ice formation at the Phillips Platform with respect to freezing degree-days (assuming a base temperature of 3.9C).
Theoretical ice growth and melt
Cook Inlet marine ice data
Table 6. Accumulated freezing and thawing degree-days at Anchorage, Alaska, and calculated sea ice growth and melt in Cook Inlet
Figure 11. Mean monthly freezing and thawing degree-days for 19741997 assuming base temperatures of 0 and 1.8C, respectively, for four locations on Cook Inlet.
Figure 12. Seasonal variation of freezing and thawing degree-days for 1974 1997 for four locations on Cook Inlet
Cook Inlet marine ice data - continued
Figure 14. Radarsat-1 SAR imagery showing the Forelands area of Cook Inlet at near low tide on December 30, 1998
Figure 15. Example of a sea ice analysis chart issued by the Alaska Region Headquarters of the National Weather Service
EXPECTED ICE CONDITIONS
Map Set 1. Mean ice concentration and stage of development for Cook Inlet for the specified time period (December through March).
1 - 15 December Mean Ice Conditions
16 - 31 December Mean Ice conditions
1 -15 January Mean Ice Conditions
16 - 31 January Mean Ice Conditions
1 - 15 February Mean Ice Conditions
16 - 28/29 February Mean Ice Conditions
1 - 15 March Mean Ice Conditions
16 - 31 March MEan Ice Conditions
Map Set 2. Probability of occurrence for ice of any stage of development and ice of any concentration for Cook Inlet (December through March).
1 - 15 december Probability of Occurence for any ice
16 - 31 December Probability of Occurence for any ice
1 - 15 January Probability of Occurence for any ice
16 - 31 January Probability of Occurence for any ice
1 - 15 February Probability of Occurence for any ice
16 - 28/29 February Probability of Occurence for any ice
1 - 15 March Probability of Occurence for any ice
16 - 31 March Probability of Occurence for any ice
Map Set 3. Probability of occurrence for ice of any stage of development and ice of at least 5/10ths concentration for Cook Inlet (December through March).
1 - 15 December Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
16 - 31 December Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
1- 15 January Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
16 - 31 January Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
1 - 15 February Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
16 - 28/29 February Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
1 - 15 March Probability od Occurance for Ice of atleast 5/10ths Concentration
'TR 23 pages' by Donna Valliere - Page 1 of 147
OCEANOGRAPHY
Figure 17. Tidal mudflats in Upper Cook Inlet and the Head Region. (After Raney 1993.)
Figure 18. General surface circulation pattern in Cook Inlet. (After USACE 1993.)
Figure 19. Summer surface circulation pattern in Lower Cook Inlet as proposed by Muench et al. (1978)
Figure 20. Tidal ranges at various locations around Cook Inlet
Currents and tides
CLIMATOLOGY
Figure 21. Alaska's climatic zones. (After AEIDC 1974.)
Station climatologies
Figure 22. Weather summary for Anchorage International Airport
Figure 23. Average percent possible sunshine at Anchorage Inter- national Airport from 1955 to 1993. (After ACRC 1997a.
Kenai Municipal Airport
Figure 24. Weather summary for Kenai Municipal Airport. The POR is January 1973 to December 1997 except as follows: precipitation (19611990) (NCEP 2000), days with measurable precipitation (0.025 cm or more) (19671996), clear days (19731999), and snow- fall and snow depth (19531999). The precipitation range is the middle 33% of the data forthe 30-year POR; the data points are median values.
Homer Municipal Airport
Figure 25. Weather summary for Homer Municipal Airport
Kodiak Airport
Figure 26. Weather summary for Kodiak Municipal Airport
Figure 27. Median monthly precipitation from 1961 to 1990 for four Cook Inlet locations (NCEP 2000).
Duration of daylight
Table 9. Local times of sunrise and sunset at Kenai, Alaska, for the year 2000
Table 9. Local times of sunrise and sunset at Kenai, Alaska, for the year 2000 - continued
LITERATURE CITED - TR-01-100081
LITERATURE CITED - continued - TR-01-100082
LITERATURE CITED - continued - TR-01-100083
APPENDIX A: SEA ICE NOMENCLATURE, ARRANGED BY SUBJECT
APPENDIX A: SEA ICE NOMENCLATURE, ARRANGED BY SUBJECT - continued - TR-01-100085
APPENDIX A: SEA ICE NOMENCLATURE, ARRANGED BY SUBJECT - continued - TR-01-100086
DEFORMATION PROCESSES
OPENINGS IN THE ICE
ICE OF LAND ORIGIN
TERMS RELATING TO SURFACE SHIPPING
TERMS RELATING TO SUBMARINE NAVIGATION
APPENDIX B: EXAMPLE OF A COOK INLET ICE COVER ANALYSIS ISSUED BY THE NATIONAL ICE CENTER (NIC) IN SUITLAND, MARYLAND
Total concentration
Forms of sea ice
APPENDIX C: PROCEDURE USED TO CREATE THE COMPOSITE COOK INLET ICE CHARTS
APPENDIX C: PROCEDURE USED TO CREATE THE COMPOSITE COOK INLET ICE CHARTS - continued - TR-01-100096
APPENDIX C: PROCEDURE USED TO CREATE THE COMPOSITE COOK INLET ICE CHARTS - continued - TR-01-100097
Figure C1. Cook Inlet Ice GIS Analysis Process
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100100
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100101
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100102
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100103
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100104
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100105
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100106
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100107
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100108
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100109
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100110
APPENDIX D: AIR TEMPERATURE - continued - TR-01-100111
APPENDIX E: WIND
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100113
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100114
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100115
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100116
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100117
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100118
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100119
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100120
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100121
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100122
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100123
APPENDIX E: WIND - continued - TR-01-100124
APPENDIX F: WIND CHILL
Table F1. Equivalent wind chill temperature.
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100128
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100129
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100130
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100131
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100132
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100133
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100134
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100135
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100136
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100137
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100138
APPENDIX G: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - continued - TR-01-100139
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100141
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100142
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100143
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100144
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100145
APPENDIX H. BIBLIOGRAPHY - continued - TR-01-100146
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE - TR-01-100147
TR-01-10