Form Approved
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
OMB No. 0704-0188
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data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing
this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302.
Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid
OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS.
1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)
2. REPORT TYPE
3. DATES COVERED (From - To)
March 2000
Technical Report
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
5b. GRANT NUMBER
External Contamination of Landmines by Organic Nitro-Compounds
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S)
5d. PROJECT NUMBER
Daniel C. Leggett, Thomas F. Jenkins, Austin W. Hogan,
5e. TASK NUMBER
Thomas Ranney, and Paul H. Miyares
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT
NUMBER
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
72 Lyme Road
ERDC/CRREL Technical Report 00-2
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1290
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
10. SPONSOR / MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
3701 Fairfax Drive
11. SPONSOR / MONITOR'S REPORT
NUMBER(S)
Arlington, VA 22203
12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Available from NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
14. ABSTRACT
It has been known for years that landmines are contaminated on their surfaces by explosive compounds. Subsequently, it was shown that
TNT vapor-contaminated surfaces outgas at a significant rate. This has encouraged the quest for chemical systems for buried mine detec-
tion. This report documents a recent study of four types of mines obtained from former Yugoslavian inventories. In addition it presents the
results of a study of 18 foreign and domestic types of landmines examined in 1992. Contamination was removed from known areas of the
surface by solvent-soaked swabs and several swabs pooled for each mine. Surface concentrations ranged from 1 to 400 ng/cm2 over all
mine types, but was generally less variable within each type. There appears to be an increase of surface contamination with temperature,
though this could be due to increased flux rather than increased concentration. Sampling mine casings using swabs may recover more than
is truly on the surface, because contamination is regenerated from within material by diffusive permeation. Similarly, single swabs recover
this subsurface contamination inefficiently, as sequential sampling of the same area continues to extract contamination. For this reason,
these measurements under-represent source size. Surface concentrations are influenced by conditions external to the mines, and after
deployment will be influenced by soil moisture.
15. SUBJECT TERMS
Detection
Landmines
Sniffers
Military
Vapors
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:
17. LIMITATION OF
18. NUMBER
19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON
OF ABSTRACT
OF PAGES
a. REPORT
b. ABSTRACT
c. THIS PAGE
19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code)
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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)
]Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239.18
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