Form Approved
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
OMB No. 0704-0188
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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)
2. REPORT DATE
3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
July 1998
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. FUNDING NUMBERS
Ground Freezing Effects on Soil Erosion of Army Training Lands
Part 2: Overwinter Changes to Tracked-Vehicle Ruts, Yakima Training Center,
Washington
6. AUTHORS
Jonathan J. Halvorson, Donald K. McCool, Larry G. King, and
Lawrence W. Gatto
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER
1) Washington State University, Biological Systems and Engineering, Pullman, Wash. 99164
2) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Pullman, Wash. 99164
Special Report 98-8
3) U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road,
Hanover, N.H. 03755-1290
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
10. SPONSORING/MONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
Office of the Chief of Engineers
Washington, D.C. 20314-1000
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
For conversion of SI units to non-SI units of measurement, consult ASTM Standard E380-93, Standard Practice for Use of the
International System of Units, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa.
19103.
12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Available from NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)
Two areas were monitored at the Yakima Training Center (YTC) in central Washington to measure changes in
M1A2 Abrams (M1) tank-rut surface geometry, and in- and out-of-rut saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs), soil
penetration resistance (SPR), and bulk density over the 19951996 winter. Profile meter data show that rut cross-
sectional profiles smoothed significantly and that turning ruts did so more than straight ruts. Rut edges were zones
of erosion and sidewall bases were zones of deposition. Kfs values were similar in and out of ruts formed on soil
with 05% water by volume, but were lower in ruts formed on soil with about 15% water. Mean SPR was similar
in and out of ruts from 0- to 5-cm depth, increased to 2 MPa outside ruts and 4 MPa inside ruts at 10- to 15-cm
depth, and decreased by 1038% outside ruts and by 3948% inside ruts at the 30-cm depth. Soil bulk density was
similar in and out of ruts from 0- to 2.5-cm depth, and below 2.5 cm it was generally higher in ruts formed on
moist soil, with highest values between 10- and 20-cm depth. Conversely, density in ruts formed on dry soil was
similar to out-of-rut density at all depths. This information is important for determining impacts of tank ruts on
water infiltration and soil erosion, and for modifying the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the
Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) models to more accurately predict soil losses on Army training lands.
14. SUBJECT TERMS
15. NUMBER OF PAGES
48
Erosion
Penetration resistance
Water infiltration
16. PRICE CODE
Freeze-thaw
Tank-rut surface geometry
Yakima Training Center
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
OF REPORT
OF THIS PAGE
OF ABSTRACT
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UL
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
NSN 7540-01-280-5500
Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18
298-102
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