Richtlinien fur den permanenten Stutzverbau vom
pretation of teh strength of snow. Journal of Glaci-
February 1961. Eidg. Institutes fur Schnee-und
ology, 20(83): 342358.
Lawinenforshung, Mittilungen No. 19.
Haefeli, R. (1948) Schnee, Lawinen, Firn und
Gletscher. In Ingenieur-Geologie (L. Bendel, Ed.),
Desrues, J., F. Darve, E. Flavigny, J.P. Navarre,
and A. Taillefer (1980) An incremental formula-
Wien: Springer-Verlag, p. 663735.
tion of constitutive equations for deposited snow.
Haefeli, R. (1951) Neuere Entwicklungstendenzen
Journal of Glaciology, 25(92): 289307.
und Probleme des Lawinenverbaus im Anbruch-
Dorr, R., and H.L. Jessberger (1983) Time-depen-
gebiet. Eidg. Institutes fur Schnee-und Lawinen-
dent deformation behavior of structures in snow,
forshung, Mitteilungen No. 9.
firn or ice. Annals of Glaciology, 4: 47-51.
Hansen, A.C. (1988) An internal state variable
Dozier, J., R.E. Davis, and R. Perla (1987) On the
approach to constitutive theories for granular ma-
objective analysis of snow microstructure. In Ava-
terials with snow as an example. Mechanics of Ma-
lanche Movement and Effects, Proceedings of the Davos
terials, 7: 109119.
Symposium, September, 1986, IAHS Publication no
Hansen, A.C., and R.L. Brown (1986) The granu-
162, p. 4959.
lar structure of snow: An internal-state variable
Ebinuma, T., and N. Maeno (1987) Particle rear-
approach. Journal of Glaciology, 32(112): 434438.
rangement and dislocation creep in a snow-den-
Hansen, A.C., and R. L. Brown (1987) A new
sification process. Journal de Physique, Supplement
constitutive theory for snow based on a micro-
3, 48: 263269.
mechanical approach. In Avalanche Movement and
Edens, M.Q., and R.L. Brown (1991) On the rela-
Effects, Proceedings of the Davos Symposium, Sep-
tionship between neck length and bond radius
tember, 1986, IAHS Publication no 162, p. 87104.
during compression of snow. Journal of Glaciology,
Hawkes, I., and M. Mellor (1972) Deformation
37(126): 203209.
and fracture of ice under uniaxial stress. Journal of
Endo, Y., Y. Ohzeki, and S. Niwano (1990) Rela-
Glaciology, 11(61).
tion between compressive viscosity and density
Huang, A.B., M.Y. Ma, and J.S. Lee (1993) A micro-
of low-density snow. Seppyo, 52(4): 26774 (in Japa-
mechanical study of penetration tests in granular
nese with English summary).
materials. Mechanics of Materials, 16: 133139.
Eugster, H.P. (1952) Beitrag zu einer Gefugean-
alyse des Schnees (Contribution to a textural analy-
Edition. New York: Halsted Press.
sis of snow). Beitrag zur Geologie der Schweiz, Geo-
Jaeger, J.C., and N.G.W. Cook (1976) Fundamen-
technische Serie, Hydrologie, 5 Lieferung .
tals of Rock Mechanics. 2nd Edition. London: Chap-
Feldt, E.D., and G.E.H. Ballard (1966) A theory of
man and Hall.
Jamieson, J.B., and C.D. Johnston (1990) In-situ
6(43) 145157.
tensile strength of snow-pack layers. Journal of
Fukue, M. (1979) Mechanical Performance of Snow
Glaciology, 36(122) 102106.
Under Loading. Tokyo, Japan: Tokai University Press.
Jellenik, H.H.G. (1957) Compressive strength
Good, W. (1975) Numerical parameters to iden-
properties of snow. Snow, Ice and Permafrost Re-
tify snow structure. International Symposium on
search Establishment, Research Report 34. Avail-
Snow Mechanics, Grindelwald, Switzerland, April 1
able from National Technical Information Service.
5, 1974, IAHS-AISH Publication 114, p. 91102.
Katakawa, K., C. Shimomura, H. Ishikawa, S.
Good, W. (1987) Thin sections, serial cuts and 3-D
Hatae, and H. Matsuda (1992) Characteristics of
analysis of snow. In Avalanche Movement and Ef-
snow pressure acting on avalanche-preventive
fects, Proceedings of the Davos Symposium, Septem-
fences. In Second International Conference on Snow
ber, 1986, IAHS Publication, no 162, p. 3548.
Engineering, Santa Barbara, California (W. Tobiasson
Gubler, H. (1975) On
the Rammsonde hardness
and E. Wright, Ed.), USA Cold Regions Research
equation: A review of basic snow mechanics. In
and Engineering Laboratory, Special Report 92-
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Snow
27, p. 323331.
Mechanics, Grindelwald, Switzerland, April 15, 1974,
Keeler, C.M. (1969a) Some physical properties of
IAHS-AISH Publication 114, p. 110121.
alpine snow. USA Cold Regions Research and
Gubler, H. (1978a) Determination of the mean num-
Engineering Laboratory, Research Report 271.
ber of bonds per snow grain and of the dependence
Keeler, C.M. (1969b) The growth of bonds and the
of the tensile strength of snow on stereological
increase of mechanical strength in a dry seasonal
parameters. Journal of Glaciology, 20(83): 329341.
snow-pack. Journal of Glaciology, 8(54): 441450.
Gubler, H. (1978b) An alternate statistical inter-
Keeler, C.M., and W.F. Weeks (1967) Some me-
16